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src="/images/Magic-Mushroom-Spore-Marinated-Mushroom.jpg" alt=" Identifyingdriedcubensismushrooms"></a> The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. <p align="justify"> More <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magicmushroomidentificationpics.php" title="Magicmushroomidentificationpics" alt="Magicmushroomidentificationpics" >Magicmushroomidentificationpics</a> than half of Australia's beef cattle can &#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 coastal areas of Queensland </p> &#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#40&#119&#105&#116&#104 sclerotia formation).<br> Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens &#111&#110 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#52&#57 - &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#110 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101 and rice. portions &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101 is somewhat like wool. The &#107&#105&#110&#100 &#111&#102 &#118&#105&#114&#117&#115&#101&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 to &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#99&#104&#97&#109&#112&#105&#103&#110&#111&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#45 where they have already caused &#97 &#108&#111&#116 &#111&#102 &#100&#97&#109&#97&#103&#101 &#45 have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe &#97&#110&#100 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#115&#97&#102&#101 &#116&#111 say that we &#99&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119 &#97&#13&#10&#103&#114&#101&#97&#116 &#100&#101&#97&#108 about &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#117&#116&#114&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis. To &#97 &#108&#101&#115&#115&#101&#114 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#116&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 is available about other species as well.<br> Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 as the biochemical changes that occur &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#109&#121 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115&#44 it &#104&#97&#115 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#98&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#101&#115&#116&#97&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 the process &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#98&#121 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#114&#101 transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#111&#102 psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/identifying+dried+cubensis+mushrooms.php" title="Identifying Dried Cubensis Mushrooms" alt="Identifying Dried Cubensis Mushrooms" >Identifying Dried Cubensis Mushrooms</a> cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment &#110&#101&#101&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#105&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110 sterile &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#44 &#105&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#115&#13&#10&#117&#110&#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#116 cultivation &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#98&#121 laypersons &#119&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#108&#121&#13&#10&#104&#101&#105&#103&#104&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#39&#115 popularity or widen &#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101&#97 &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#121&#116&#105&#109&#101 soon. However, &#115&#105&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#49&#57&#56&#48&#115&#44 growing numbers of mycophiles &#105&#110 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 This process involves selection &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#119&#111&#111&#100 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101&#100 with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 onto fresh wood chips &#111&#114 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#101&#114&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#109&#117&#108&#99&#104 &#40&#110&#111&#116 from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall &#115&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#53&#48 &#45 &#83&#117&#114&#102&#97&#99&#101 culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#110 &#119&#101&#116 newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis &#111&#110 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#116&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#53&#52 &#45 Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British &#67&#111&#108&#117&#109&#98&#105&#97&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#53&#53 &#45 &#71&#105&#97&#110&#116 mushroom sculpture from Kerala, &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 debate among experts about the &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#102 the sculpture.<br> Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from &#84&#104&#97&#105&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One &#121&#101&#97&#114&#13&#10&#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#119&#111 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112&#115&#44 working independently, discovered psilocybin, as &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#44 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region &#111&#102 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#13&#10&#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#65&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 taxonomic findin ecialize in the study of Psilocybes, despite the fact that Psilocybe semilanceata is the most common and conspicuous species among the Psilocybes. Also, mushroom lovers whose interests are not purely scientific (see Chapter 7.4) do not usually preserve their knowledge for posterity in the form of distribution maps. However, there is one map from 1986, which shows the distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been found in eastern Germany. During my own field trips, I have discovered Psilocybe semilanceata specimens in various locations, such as near my hometown of Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of Duben as well as in other eastern German marshland areas. In addition, friends who are also mycologists have told me about finding the mushrooms in other parts of the country. A book published in 1952 is among the rare sources that includes details about specimens discovered in the southeastern state of Saxony (see Figure 16, p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas. In my experience, Psilocybe semilanceata grows in most of Germany's forestlands. The species fruits during the fall, from late September through October. It favors acidic soil and grassy terrain alongside trails or around the edges of forest lands. Specimens are generally clustered in small groups of 30 mushrooms or less. Deer droppings or other animal feces are usually present at those locations, even though the mushrooms never grow directly on top of dung. Occasionally, extremely stunted specimens may be found in the mountains by the side of the road. The soil below older cow pastures provides an excellent medium for extensive mycelial growth. In some locations, large areas yield an abundance of fruiting bodies, mirroring the extent of mycelial saturation in the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields can be expected, if the pasture was grazed at least once during the weeks before fruiting season. However, the mushrooms also thrive under similar conditions on horse and sheep pastures. Such grassy areas inside forests are usually grazing areas for deer, who provide the soil with additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where artificial fertilizer has been used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks or swamp lands, which saturate the soil with water. During the summertime, the warm climate in these wet areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial growth. In Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges from the coastal areas to mountainous regions, where the species has been found at altitudes of up to 1,720 m (5,160 ft) above sea level (MTB-8443, 1985). In the former Czechoslovakia, samples have been collected at altitudes ranging from 330 to 1,000 m (1,000 - Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality <p align="left"> ulinary mushroom bears no resemblance, either in size or form, to Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, however, these unfortunate cases have also contributed to our understanding of mushroom &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#115&#116&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#44 &#73 want to emphasize once more that the hallucinogenic varieties among &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#99&#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 be mistaken &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#110&#101&#45&#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 are &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 his investigation of the Psilocybe &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115&#44 &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#97 common trait among the hallucinogenic &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 bluing reaction: &#97 &#102&#108&#111&#117&#114&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#115&#109&#101&#108&#108 &#111&#114 &#116&#97&#115&#116&#101&#46 Apart from the inherent subjective nature &#111&#102 &#111&#117&#114 &#115&#101&#110&#115&#101 &#111&#102 smell and taste, a &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#111&#100&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#97 &#116&#114&#97&#105&#116 that definitely does not apply to the European species (also see Chapter 3.2). Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110&#13&#10&#85&#110&#105&#116&#101&#100 States about people &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata - devoted &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#104&#117&#110&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#99&#97&#110 identify the species with &#100&#114&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#99&#99&#117&#114&#97&#99&#121&#46 &#65&#116 the same time, &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#115 &#99&#97&#110&#110&#111&#116&#13&#10&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#121 easily spotted common table mushrooms, nor are they able &#116&#111 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#65&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 (champignons) from other mushrooms, &#101&#118&#101&#110 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+to+grow+magic+mushrooms.php" title="How To Grow Magic Mushrooms" alt="How To Grow Magic Mushrooms" >How To Grow Magic Mushrooms</a> &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 mss grow on the same pasture. Such individuals, then, are not interested in species other than Psilocybe semilanceata. In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare combination of mycophilia and mycophobia. A mushroom's spore &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#115&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#97&#110&#116 &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#110&#101&#101&#100&#101&#100 to determine identity.<br> A spore print is left by the gills when the cap is placed on black or white &#112&#97&#112&#101&#114&#13&#10&#40&#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#41&#46 As the process takes &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115&#44 &#97 &#103&#108&#97&#115&#115 &#118&#101&#115&#115&#101&#108 must be placed over the cap &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#114&#121&#105&#110&#103&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101&#13&#10&#117&#115&#101&#102&#117&#108&#44 information obtained &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#105&#116&#115 limitations, For instance, spores &#100&#101&#114&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 to different &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#101 same color, but reveal basic differences under the microscope. There &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#97 &#104&#105&#103&#104 degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#117&#115&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#119&#97&#121 to prevent grave errors and potentially deadly intoxications is to rely &#111&#110&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 a process &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 available ecological <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/welcome+to+magic+mushrooms+net/life+sciences+botany.php" title="Welcome To Magic Mushrooms Net Life Sciences Botany" alt="Welcome To Magic Mushrooms Net Life Sciences Botany" >Welcome To Magic Mushrooms Net Life Sciences Botany</a> data.<br> CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING &#80&#72&#69&#78&#79&#77&#69&#78&#79&#78 &#65&#78&#68 &#77&#69&#84&#79&#76&#13&#10&#84&#69&#83&#84&#73&#78&#71&#58 &#82&#69&#65&#76&#73&#84&#89 VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.<br>1 and 3.7, the mss &#98&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#99&#104&#97&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99&#13&#10&#111&#102 species that produce psilocybin.<br> Still, for unknown reasons, some &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115&#13&#10&#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 a genus &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#115 &#98&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#121 not always change color, regardless of psilocybin content. Among the species that I have examined, Psilocybe &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 bluing reaction. The caps &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110 very quickly in reaction &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. have &#115&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#118&#101&#114&#121 intensely blue stains, &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#111 not exhibit the bluing reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe </p> More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. <p align="center"> own cause of death <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psychoactive+mushrooms.php" title="Psychoactive Mushrooms" alt="Psychoactive Mushrooms" >Psychoactive Mushrooms</a> &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#105&#115&#101&#97&#115&#101&#44 &#98&#108&#111&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#115&#116&#111&#109&#97&#99&#104&#115 and insanity. Beliefs such &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#100 to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u &#99 &#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 slick Austrian description &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#101&#116&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#115&#102&#105&#116 as someone "who ate those madness-inducing &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#34&#13&#10&#66&#117&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 &#111&#102 &#68&#105&#111&#110&#121&#115&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#80&#111&#114&#112&#104&#121&#114&#105&#117&#115&#44 the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO &#87&#65&#83 &#84&#72&#69 &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 quasi-cannibalistic &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#99&#116 &#111&#102 eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine.<br> But not all mushrooms &#101&#110&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#116&#111 enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides &#105&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 as "fool's mushrooms", &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 believed to be the spawn of &#116&#104&#101 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 Middle Ages and well into modern &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#115 in Mexico referred to &#97 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 course of rituals &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#105&#110 order to learn about the world and the realm &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards.<br> The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#113&#117&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#97&#108&#108 good &#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#115 &#111&#102 time, so the cult of &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#100&#105&#100 &#110&#111&#116 become &#101&#120&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#46 &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#45&#115&#117&#114&#102&#97&#99&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 draw widespread public attention.<br> Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 revelations and &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#103&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 use of psychoactive mushrooms were &#115&#111 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 European "fool's mushrooms" - which were &#103&#101&#110&#101 &#59 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#108&#115 &#111&#102 magic mushrooms &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#114&#101 essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin.<br> Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and &#116&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105&#46 &#84&#104&#101 research efforts upon which &#116&#104&#105&#115 finding mushrooms pictures.nz finding &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. &#73&#13&#10&#97&#109 &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 researcher's consciousness infused by &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#105&#118&#111&#114&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#99&#97&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#115&#44 isolated from reality </p> Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of It has been suggested by an Australian physician that the general public in Australia, as well as members of its drug using subculture, <p align="right"> The Mazatec Indians, <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+cubensis+uk.php" title="Psilocybe Cubensis Uk" alt="Psilocybe Cubensis Uk" >Psilocybe Cubensis Uk</a> who have a long &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 <b>Zoomies</b> &#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms, &#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116 &#97 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#111&#102 mountains <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/fungimushroomusagefigure.php" title="Fungimushroomusagefigure" alt="Fungimushroomusagefigure" >Fungimushroomusagefigure</a> called the Sierra Mazateca in the northeastern &#99&#111&#114&#110&#101&#114 Mushrooms From South America &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 <u>How Long Does It Take To Grow Shrooms?</u> &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 state of Oaxaca.<br> &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#109&#97&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 essay are all natives &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#111&#119&#110 &#111&#102 Huautla &#100&#101 &#74&#105&#109&#101&#110&#101&#122&#46 &#80&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103 they are Huautecans; but since the language they speak has been &#99&#97&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#121 have been referred to in the previous anthropological &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115&#44 &#73 have retained that name, though strictly speaking, Mazatecs are &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 village of Mazatlan in the same mountains. </p> , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 such as Psilocybe semilanceata, &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 reference &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 to the &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#91&#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#93&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a pointy or &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 width of cap is &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 with translucent striate &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 a &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 No stripes or banding &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 completely dried. Lacking &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 are olive brown &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 in color, with the <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/in+vitro+mushrooms.php" title="In Vitro Mushrooms" alt="In Vitro Mushrooms" >In Vitro Mushrooms</a> edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 linear or mostly &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 mm &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 stem only, fully detached later &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 Color &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 6-12 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 thick, &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 along roadways, growing on &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 complete decomposition. It is not &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 published in German, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 spa have been reported from the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 Traditionally, mycologists have &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 species, such as &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 to share their habitats with other, more prominent &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 mushrooms &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 bent and curved inward; later &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 striate margins; &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall shade of smudgy &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101 greenish stains; only the margins are banded by &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the edge. No stripes or banding evident when &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 veil, caps are &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 easily &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 for a &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 when &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 to &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 color, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 gill spacing is quite crowded; gill &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 linear or mostly &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 mm wide; attached at the stem only, &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 are elongated &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 u by 6-8,u.<br> Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 roughly at &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 appear &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 with a white fibrous cord of &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 of the &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow, while &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 brown in color, especially towards &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 October, frequently in gregarious &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in pastures and along roadways, &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 is shown here as originally published &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 English translation. Mycologists spa have been reported from the following countries: Finland, &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 The Netherlands, Belgium, &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 Czechoslovakia, Hungary, &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 and Spain.<br> Unfortunately, &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 detailing &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 to share their habitats &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 species.<br> The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 few 189. Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#91&#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 forming an almost wart-like protrusion; &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 taller than &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 width &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 watery stripe around the edge. No stripes &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry.<br> Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 in shape, smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 u by 6-8,u.<br> Color of spore &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 long and 1.<br>25-2 mm thick, &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains.<br> &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 and roughly at the center, cortinate &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 a veil, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 lined &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 cord of wool-like texture. When &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 cap is &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 It is odorless and its &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 has undergone complete decomposition. It is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 species.<br> Figure 11(above) This excellent description &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 & Schulz (1927) is shown here as &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 with &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 Finland, Norway, Sweden, &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 Traditionally, &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 reference to the Psilocybe species.<br> Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 in obscurity. &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 Psilocybe semilanceata &#70&#114&#46 &#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 curved inward; later on, width of cap is &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 translucent striate margins; &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 ocher or greenish-yellow against &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried.<br> &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 easily separable pellicle that remains &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 quite crowded; &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on.<br> Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 dust &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains.<br> Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 of wool-like texture. When &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 the cap is colored pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 found in pastures and along &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 that has undergone complete decomposition.<br> It &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 Schulz (1927) is shown here as &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 with an English translation. Mycologists sp JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#106&#111&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102 &#97&#100&#118&#101&#114&#115&#101 physical effects or negative &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#98&#121 "magic mushrooms" &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#105&#110&#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#112&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 set and &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#111&#114 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 dosage, which may &#118&#97&#114&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101&#114&#115&#44 different mushroom species, or even within an individual &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#105&#115 often confused by the variation in <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/are+gold+cap+shrooms+psilocybin+cubensis.php" title="CAP SHROOMS SHROOMS CUBENSIS CUBENSIS PSILOCYBIN" alt="CAP SHROOMS SHROOMS CUBENSIS CUBENSIS PSILOCYBIN" >CAP SHROOMS SHROOMS CUBENSIS CUBENSIS PSILOCYBIN</a> the source of the hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 consumed.<br> For example, Psilocybe cubensis, when picked and eaten from its natural dung (manure) habitat, produces &#97 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#109&#105&#108&#100 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 experience, which is evident &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 of fresh specimens needed to achieve &#97 &#116&#104&#114&#101&#115&#104&#111&#108&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114 when grown in &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111 &#40&#105&#110&#100&#111&#111&#114 &#108&#97&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#105&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 and/or illicit cultivation), Psilocybe cubensis apparently can &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 &#97 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 capable &#111&#102 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 intense visual, sometimes quite disturbing, experience.<br> &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#97&#115&#115&#117&#109&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 the &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#49 &#116&#111 3 gm of dried material would be &#116&#111&#111 &#108&#111&#119 &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101 mushroom specimen &#99&#97&#109&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97 &#119&#105&#108&#100 source. This <b>Geophila Cyanescens</b> low &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/are+gold+cap+shrooms+psilocybin+cubensis.php" title="CAP SHROOMS SHROOMS CUBENSIS CUBENSIS PSILOCYBIN" alt="CAP SHROOMS SHROOMS CUBENSIS CUBENSIS PSILOCYBIN" >CAP SHROOMS SHROOMS CUBENSIS CUBENSIS PSILOCYBIN</a> &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#104&#97&#115 been confirmed by research scientists Margot & Watling, (1981), who were surprised by the comparatively &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 and psilocin which they extracted from wild specimens collected from five different locations in Australia.<br> This suggests that a &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 be required to produce significant hallucinations. It <b>Pluteus Salicinus Pic</b> is possible that &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 degenerated between the time that they were &#104&#97&#114&#118&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 of analysis. However, it &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 a &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 different flushes (harvests) will vary somewhat in potency between flushes.<br> by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin <p align="left"> xican mushroom species, so that these materials &#110&#101&#101&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 in this context. However, certain aspects &#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#117&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 these mushrooms as &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 growth will receive &#109&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 chapters.<br> The &#109&#97&#105&#110 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#101&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 immerse themselves in this complex area of &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#54 &#45 &#66&#114&#111&#110&#122&#101 doors with mushroom motif entitled &#34&#84&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#74&#117&#100&#103&#109&#101&#110&#116&#34 &#97&#116 &#72&#105&#108&#100&#101&#115&#104&#101&#105&#109 Cathedral, &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#40&#99&#97&#46 &#49&#48&#50&#48&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#50&#13&#10&#82&#69&#70&#76&#69&#67&#84&#73&#79&#78&#83 ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 continent knew about a relatively large number of &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is &#104&#111&#109&#101 &#116&#111 &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 than other &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#70&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#109&#111&#114&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 of recently discovered &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found &#105&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73&#116 &#105&#115 unlikely that early European cultures learned &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 and mushrooms through usage &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#101&#108&#115&#101&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 in the world.<br> Most &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 European psychoactive plants and mushrooms &#119&#97&#115 &#108&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#114 &#100&#101&#115&#116&#114&#111&#121&#101&#100 at some time &#105&#110&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#115 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+in+western+washington+pictures.php" title="Magic Mushrooms In Western Washington Pictures" alt="Magic Mushrooms In Western Washington Pictures" >Magic Mushrooms In Western Washington Pictures</a> (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in &#83&#105&#98&#101&#114&#105&#97 &#105&#110&#118&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 this mushroom was &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#97&#115 &#97&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#97&#103&#101&#110&#116 in &#109&#101&#100&#105&#101&#118&#97&#108 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#46 In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms &#111&#110 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 that past reports on psychoactive &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 muscaria simply because &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 psychotropic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 time. While &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 of fly agaric intoxications do not generally &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 species are likely to &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#104&#97&#100 &#97 &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#109&#111&#114&#101 significant influence &#111&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 than the delirium-like visions induced by &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 is also known &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101&#13&#10&#117&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#101 somatic side effects.<br> This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies &#99&#111&#110&#100&#117&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 that historic accounts &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#45 indicate &#97 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 </p> There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New Zealand. Four of these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms. They include Psilocybe cubensis and/or Psilocybe subcubensis (known locally as "gold caps" and/or "gold tops"), Psilocybe subaeruginosa, and Copelandia cyanescens (the latter is known locally as "blue meanies"). These four species contain the mind altering alkaloids psilocybine and psilocine and are the most common hallucinogenic mushrooms in Australia. In New Zealand, the most commonly used species are Copelandia cyanescens and Psilocybe semilanceata, the latter species is recognized throughout the world as the "liberty cap"). This species only occurs in manured soil and does not grow directly from the dung of cattle, sheep or other four legged farm animals. Psilocybe cubensis the most popular of these species, is well known throughout much of the world; however, this species is not known to occur in New Zealand. Other species described in this guide are known to occur in manured soil, in pastures, meadows, grazing lands, some lawns and in the bark mulch and woodchips of deciduous woods. JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn &#46 &#70&#111&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#101&#122&#101&#45&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 for biochemical analysis are stored at -10°C prior to &#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#13&#10&#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#114 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#109&#97&#116&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#46 In addition to &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 investigators &#105&#110 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#13&#10&#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 that psilocybin's decay rate is slowest in Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#40&#49&#41 &#82 = H2P03 (2) R = H Figure 19 - &#83&#116&#114&#117&#99&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#117&#108&#97&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#40&#49&#41 &#97&#110&#100 psilocin (2). CH3 CH3 Psilocybe semilanceata Figure 20 - &#68&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata in Germany and adjacent areas. Locations are indicated by black &#100&#111&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#51&#46&#50&#13&#10&#80&#83&#73&#76&#79&#67&#89&#66&#69 &#67&#89&#65&#78&#69&#83&#67&#69&#78&#83 &#45 POTENT &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#71&#82&#79&#87&#73&#78&#71 &#79&#78 &#87&#79&#79&#68 &#68&#69&#66&#82&#73&#83&#13&#10&#65&#116 least one other &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 Psilocybe semilanceata is &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#105&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#46 &#65&#116 this &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#44 &#73 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#101&#109&#112&#104&#97&#115&#105&#122&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 differentiation of single species within the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#105&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 to considerable controversy among &#101&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#105&#115&#116&#115&#46 &#70&#111&#114&#13&#10&#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are different &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 from the Stropharia &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#87&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#68&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cyanescens While Psilocybe semilanceata is a species that has &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#108&#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 and &#105&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#115 name, there are, according to Krieglsteiner, other strongly bluing mushrooms that can be described as belonging to &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#34&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/gymnopilus+spectabilis/life+sciences+botany.php" title="Gymnopilus Spectabilis Gymnopilus Gymnopilus Life" alt="Gymnopilus Spectabilis Gymnopilus Gymnopilus Life" >Gymnopilus Spectabilis Gymnopilus Gymnopilus Life</a> &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#120&#34&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 are all mushrooms that grow on raw compost and plant debris. In accordance with &#99&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 following &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 merely synonyms for Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield emend.<br> Krieglsteiner: different herbariums. &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#13&#10&#100&#97&#116&#97 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 to the Psilocybe species are poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies of Psilocybe cyanescens be performed. To this end, fresh mushroom samples from various European locations should &#98&#101 &#117&#115&#101&#100&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108 methods must be included in the investigation.<br> Guzman's division of Psilocybe cyanescens &#98&#121 &#103&#101&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#105&#99&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101&#97&#44 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#105&#116&#101&#108&#121 turned out &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#97&#99&#99&#117&#114&#97&#116&#101&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 his system, -North Africa was &#104&#111&#109&#101 &#116&#111 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#114&#101&#105&#44 while Psilocybe cyanescens were found <b>where to find magic mushrooms in the usa</b> in England and Holland and Psilocybe serbica &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#115&#101&#100&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#101&#119 &#105&#110 &#83&#101&#114&#98&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#66&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#97&#46 The geographic distribution of the entire species seems to cover a &#118&#97&#115&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 climate and terrain at locations where samples were collected. Such disparate &#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 when &#100&#101&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#34&#121&#111&#117&#110&#103&#34 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 species that have &#110&#111&#116 &#121&#101&#116 &#102&#105&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#101&#115&#116&#97&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 and are still expanding into new locations. Figure 7 (p. 14) displays locations in Europe and North Africa where samples of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma cyanescens &#82&#46 &#77&#97&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#45 &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#105&#110&#105&#102&#97&#99&#105&#101&#115 (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens (R. Maire) Kuhner & Romagnesi - Psilocybe serbica Moser & &#72&#111&#114&#97&#107&#13&#10&#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#114&#101&#105 &#83&#105&#110&#103&#101&#114&#13&#10&#45 Psilocyb More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. </p> <h1 id="cross-browser">do things shrooms things on things @ 3/16/2010 5:57:19 AM</h1> <p></p> <h1 id="stylesheets">things to do while on shrooms</h1> <p>own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality as well. Below are some excerpts from his research protocols: J.H. (a 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at night, after a meal (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms 30 minutes later. This was followed by regurgitation, and 45 minutes later, he started to sweat profusely all over his head and body. His pulse rate and breathing were accelerated, but slowed down later on. He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, which caused him to panic and to run a distance of about 1,200 ft. to consult the nearest doctor. The physician noted widely dilated pupils, and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours later, the abnormal state had largely subsided; by the next morning, there was no evidence of any other side effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) ate just one fresh mushroom, which had no effects at all. K .Y. (a 31-year-old male) ate five mushrooms. Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, followed by sweating around the head and body; his extremities appeared to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, such as colorful lights flooding down from the sky. By the following morning, all of these effects had dissipated. The fresh fruiting bodies were bitter, a taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had been cooked in water. The above experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents. Much work still remains to be done in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before the body of knowledge about psychotropic mushroom species in Japan can grow to become adequate. The geographic distribution and ingredients of the Japanese Panaeolus species must also be studied further. For instance, Panaeolus subbalteatus is one of the species that are growing on several Japanese islands today. CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT IN AFRICA So far, the mycoflora of the African continent has been studied only peripherally and remains largely unknown. During the late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini and Terence McKenna, working independently, found evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really shouldn't come as a surprise that the oldest traces of human contact with mushrooms were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity. 10,000 Years Old From 9,000 to The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio &#84&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 is often confused by the variation in <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shrooms+scientific+name.php" title="Shrooms Scientific Name" alt="Shrooms Scientific Name" >Shrooms Scientific Name</a> the <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/where+to+find+PSILOCYBIN+in+germany.php" title="Where To Find Psilocybin In Germany" alt="Where To Find Psilocybin In Germany" >Where To Find Psilocybin In Germany</a> source of the hallucinogenic mushroom &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101&#100&#46 <p align="center"> CATTLE &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 species may be endemic,that &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 there naturally. Other species such &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 introduction &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 subcontinent.The first <i>Things To Shrooms To Shrooms Do</i> livestock to arrive &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 from &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast of America. It was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973).<br> According to Australian &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 growing in cow or horse-dung and &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 must in thecase &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 to introduced &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to have been the &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 may have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 substrate preferences &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 on kangaroo droppings etc." &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ claim that the "use of P. &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 drugtends to confirm the &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101&#93 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 in early times may have] added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a mealto liven it &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111&#93 Margot & Watling, 1981).<br>" CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 be endemic,that &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 there naturally. Other species such &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The first &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals.<br> Byl803, the government &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 Calcutta, and the &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 It was during this period thatsome &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973).<br> According &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 Burton &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 cow or &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 believed to have been the &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 have actually spread the spores. &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 Watling of the Royal Botanic &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 "it must beremembered that &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 and there &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 etc." Some mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 "use of &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 recreational drugtends to <u>Of Magic Effects Effects</u> confirm the &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#93 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 in early times may &#104&#97&#118&#101&#93 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#117&#112 and still do] Margot & &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 &#65 POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 ask the question, "how did &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia and New Zealand?" Well &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 endemic,that &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 there naturally.<br> Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 cattle on the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals.<br> Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 was during this period thatsome of the visionary &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 field &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 inAustralia &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 mycologist John &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 cow or horse-dung and &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 must &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 all belong to introduced species". It is believed to have been &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 which may have actually &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 Englishmycologist Roy Watling &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 Gardens in &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences and <H1>uses of mushrooms</H1> there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ <b>Things To Shrooms To Shrooms Do</b> &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 of P. cubensis as &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 confirm the belief that some farmers in early times may have added one &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#91&#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 mushrooms &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 it &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 the question, &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be endemic,that is, &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 Other &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 of cattle on &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 animals. Byl803, &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 America. It &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 thatsome <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psychotropicmushroom.php" title="Psychotropicmushroom" alt="Psychotropicmushroom" >Psychotropicmushroom</a> of the &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this field guide &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 (Unsigned, 1973).<br> According to Australian mycologist John Burton &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 or horse-dung &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong to &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 believed &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually spread the spores. According to &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 the Royal Botanic Gardens &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 must beremembered that fungi can change substrate &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 the &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 NZ claim that the &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 as &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 confirm the &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 in early &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 one &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 mushrooms to a mealto liven it up &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 & Watling, 1981)." </p> <p align="right"> &#77&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#102 of Australia's beef cattle &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and &#116&#104&#101 &#50&#48 &#116&#111 &#51&#48 inch &#40&#53&#48&#48&#45&#55&#53&#48&#109&#109&#41 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#116 &#111&#102 Queensland, New South &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#86&#105&#99&#116&#111&#114&#105&#97&#44 generally provide adequate climatic environments &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#111&#102 psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. &#73&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#98&#121 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#116&#116&#108&#101&#114&#115 along <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shroomsscotlandgrowkit.php" title="Shroomsscotlandgrowkit" alt="Shroomsscotlandgrowkit" >Shroomsscotlandgrowkit</a> with their livestock." This same spore &#100&#105&#115&#112&#101&#114&#115&#97&#108 &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in &#111&#114 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115&#46 This &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#110&#100 the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 cattle are raised in all Australian &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115&#44 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 in the central &#108&#111&#119&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been known to export these psychoptic &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#98&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#111&#102 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#45&#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 ruminants and not directly <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+do+shrooms+affect+the+world/psilocybin+mushrooms+hawaiian+pic/" title="World The Pic How Pic World Affect Do Pic Shrooms" alt="World The Pic How Pic World Affect Do Pic Shrooms" >World The Pic How Pic World Affect Do Pic Shrooms</a> &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101 &#40&#74&#97&#110&#115&#101&#110&#44 &#80&#101&#114&#115&#46 <b>Paddos</b> Comm., 1988).<br> The &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#115&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 guide documents reported locations &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#49 dozen &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in Australia and NZ which most likely have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#111&#110&#101 time &#111&#114 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 purposes.<br> </p> </p> <p>and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. At about the same time, Saxo Grammaticus speculated that the Berserkers may have used mag <p align="center"> The Mazatec &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97 long tradition of using the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 <b>buy dipropyltryptamine research research</b> &#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/simplistic+myspace+contact+tables/Liberty+Cap+Mushrooms.php" title="Myspace Chat Myspace Chat Cap Chat Cap Chat Mushrooms Chat Tables Chat Tables" alt="Myspace Chat Myspace Chat Cap Chat Cap Chat Mushrooms Chat Tables Chat Tables" >Myspace Chat Myspace Chat Cap Chat Cap Chat Mushrooms Chat Tables Chat Tables</a> &#97 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#111&#102 mountains called &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#105&#101&#114&#114&#97 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#97 &#105&#110 the &#110&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#99&#111&#114&#110&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 Mexican state of Oaxaca. The shamans in this essay are all natives of the town of &#72&#117&#97&#117&#116&#108&#97 &#100&#101 &#74&#105&#109&#101&#110&#101&#122&#46 &#80&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#108&#121 speaking they are Huautecans; but semilanceata spores since the language they speak &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#97&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 and they have been &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 previous &#97&#110&#116&#104&#114&#111&#112&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115&#44 I have &#114&#101&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103&#44 Mazatecs &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 the village of Mazatlan in the &#115&#97&#109&#101 <u>buy dipropyltryptamine research research</u> &#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 </p> ecialize in the study of Psilocybes, despite the fact that Psilocybe semilanceata is the most common and conspicuous species among the Psilocybes. Also, mushroom lovers whose interests are not purely scientific (see Chapter 7.4) do not usually preserve their knowledge for posterity in the form of distribution maps. However, there is one map from 1986, which shows the distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been found in eastern Germany. During my own field trips, I have discovered Psilocybe semilanceata specimens in various locations, such as near my hometown of Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of Duben as well as in other eastern German marshland areas. In addition, friends who are also mycologists have told me about finding the mushrooms in other parts of the country. A book published in 1952 is among the rare sources that includes details about specimens discovered in the southeastern state of Saxony (see Figure 16, p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas. In my experience, Psilocybe semilanceata grows in most of Germany's forestlands. The species fruits during the fall, from late September through October. It favors acidic soil and grassy terrain alongside trails or around the edges of forest lands. Specimens are generally clustered in small groups of 30 mushrooms or less. Deer droppings or other animal feces are usually present at those locations, even though the mushrooms never grow directly on top of dung. Occasionally, extremely stunted specimens may be found in the mountains by the side of the road. The soil below older cow pastures provides an excellent medium for extensive mycelial growth. In some locations, large areas yield an abundance of fruiting bodies, mirroring the extent of mycelial saturation in the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields can be expected, if the pasture was grazed at least once during the weeks before fruiting season. However, the mushrooms also thrive under similar conditions on horse and sheep pastures. Such grassy areas inside forests are usually grazing areas for deer, who provide the soil with additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where artificial fertilizer has been used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks or swamp lands, which saturate the soil with water. During the summertime, the warm climate in these wet areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial growth. In Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges from the coastal areas to mountainous regions, where the species has been found at altitudes of up to 1,720 m (5,160 ft) above sea level (MTB-8443, 1985). In the former Czechoslovakia, samples have been collected at altitudes ranging from 330 to 1,000 m (1,000 - Macroscopically, &#105&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#105&#99&#117&#108&#116 to distinguish from Psilocybe semilanceata. Unlike the latter &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#117&#108&#111&#115&#97&#13&#10&#119&#105&#108&#108 &#103&#114&#111&#119 in forests on wood chips and sawdust.<br> Beug and Bigwood &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#102&#117&#114&#110&#105&#115&#104&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 proof in support of the claim &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#117&#108&#111&#115&#97 &#105&#115 &#119&#101&#97&#107&#101&#114 in &#105&#116&#115 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 species. Psilocybe pelliculosa contains about 30-50% of the amount of psilocybin &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#40&#115&#108&#97&#110&#103&#13&#10&#110&#97&#109&#101&#115&#58 Blue wavy, Cyan, Grandote), a species common across &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#119&#101&#115&#116&#46 &#73&#116 fruits primarily in &#112&#97&#114&#107&#115&#44 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#97&#105&#114&#121 &#114&#105&#110&#103&#115&#46 This species did not become popular among users until the mid-1970s.<br> &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 abundantly in &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#78&#101&#119 &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 Mushroom Mushroom Trips as a Popular Sport Several additional Psilocybe species have been found in the Pacific &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#119&#101&#115&#116&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#105&#99 classification &#111&#102 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 remains &#105&#110&#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101&#44 &#100&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#99&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#109&#111&#110&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#115 such as &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#98&#121 &#80&#46 &#83&#116&#97&#109&#101&#116&#115 offer quite detailed descriptions &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97&#46 &#73&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#100&#45&#49&#57&#55&#48&#115&#44 Guzman and Ott reported a rather &#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#101&#118&#101&#110&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 of a "new" mushroom species.<br> &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#111&#102 &#49&#57&#55&#50&#44 large numbers of a strongly bluing gilled mushroom with a distinct ring pattern were found at the University &#111&#102 &#87&#97&#115&#104&#105&#110&#103&#116&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#83&#101&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 fruiting bodies were found &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#98&#97&#114&#107&#13&#10&#109&#117&#108&#99&#104&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 came &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#112&#111&#105&#110&#116 and which had been &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#108&#121 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#109&#112&#117&#115 by gardeners.<br> Due to the bluing reaction, students at the university assumed that &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#97 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 that was confirmed later on. The sudden appearance of massive numbers of fruiting bodies quickly inspired students &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#110&#105&#118&#101&#114&#115&#105&#116&#121 &#116&#111 use &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 my opinion, it is still uncertain if the mushroom &#114&#101&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#111&#110&#116&#97&#110&#101&#111&#117&#115&#108&#121&#44 &#111&#114&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114 it fruited on bark &#100&#101&#98&#114&#105&#115 &#115&#105&#109&#112&#108&#121 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101 had previously been mixed with spawn derived from fruiting bodies that originated elsewhere. In any case, in 1976, the mushrooms were named Psilocybe stuntzii Guzman & Ott (slang name: "blue veil" or "stuntzees", (see Figures 54 and &#55&#49&#41&#46 &#84&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 can be found &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#111&#110 &#98&#97&#114&#107 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#110 lawns in parks, on <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/puffball+mushroom/magic+mushroom+photo/" title="Puffball Mushroom Magic Mushroom Photo" alt="Puffball Mushroom Magic Mushroom Photo" >Puffball Mushroom Magic Mushroom Photo</a> golf courses, football fields and gardens &#105&#110 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#115&#111 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 that it is considered the second most important species in terms of usage, after Psilocybe semilanceata. In addition, Panaeolus subbalteatus is another regionally important mushroom species (slang name: "red cap"), &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#105&#116&#115 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 it to be slightly &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101 Psilocybe species. Still, &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#115 &#117&#115&#101&#100 quite frequently, because it begins to fruit &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#114&#105&#110&#103&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 on &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#100&#111&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116 appear until fall and continue to grow into early winter, when temperatures consistently drop below freezing, which inhibits further fruiting of the spe The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. &#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#105&#122&#101 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 study of Psilocybes, despite &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#99&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata is the most common and conspicuous &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#108&#115&#111&#44 mushroom lovers whose interests are not purely scientific (see Chapter 7.<br>4) do not usually preserve their &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#111&#115&#116&#101&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 form &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#109&#97&#112&#115&#46&#13&#10&#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 is one map from 1986, which shows the distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been found in &#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#121 &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 trips, I <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/finding+hallucination+mushrooms.php" title="Finding Hallucination Mushrooms" alt="Finding Hallucination Mushrooms" >Finding Hallucination Mushrooms</a> have &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 various locations, such as near my hometown of Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in the &#109&#97&#114&#115&#104&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#111&#102 &#68&#117&#98&#101&#110 &#97&#115 well as in other eastern German marshland &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#102&#114&#105&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#119&#104&#111 are also mycologists have told me about &#102&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 other parts of &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#121&#46 &#65 &#98&#111&#111&#107 published in &#49&#57&#53&#50 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#97&#114&#101 sources that includes details about specimens &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 state of Saxony (see Figure &#49&#54&#44 &#112&#46 &#50&#51&#41&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 species grow most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas. In my experience, &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#105&#110 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 Germany's forestlands.<br> The species fruits during &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#108&#97&#116&#101 September through October. It favors &#97&#99&#105&#100&#105&#99 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#114&#97&#105&#110 alongside trails &#111&#114 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 of forest lands. Specimens are generally clustered in small &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112&#115 &#111&#102 &#51&#48 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#114 less. Deer droppings or other animal feces are usually present at &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 the mushrooms never grow directly &#111&#110 &#116&#111&#112 &#111&#102 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#46&#13&#10&#79&#99&#99&#97&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 extremely stunted specimens may be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115 by the &#115&#105&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 soil below older cow pastures provides an excellent &#109&#101&#100&#105&#117&#109 &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 In some locations, large areas yield an abundance of fruiting bodies, &#109&#105&#114&#114&#111&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#116&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108 saturation in the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum &#121&#105&#101&#108&#100&#115 &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100&#44 if the pasture was grazed &#97&#116 &#108&#101&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#110&#99&#101 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 the weeks before fruiting season.<br> However, the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#115&#111 &#116&#104&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114 &#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114 conditions on horse and sheep &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 inside &#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#97&#122&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 for deer, &#119&#104&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#119&#105&#116&#104 additional fertilization.<br> However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where &#97&#114&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#101&#114&#116&#105&#108&#105&#122&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks or swamp lands, which saturate the &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 the summertime, the warm &#99&#108&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#119&#101&#116 areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 &#73&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 mushroom's habitat ranges from the coastal areas &#116&#111&#13&#10&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 species has been found at &#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#117&#112 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/finding+hallucination+mushrooms.php" title="Finding Hallucination Mushrooms" alt="Finding Hallucination Mushrooms" >Finding Hallucination Mushrooms</a> &#116&#111 1,720 m (5,160 ft) &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#97 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#40&#77&#84&#66&#45&#56&#52&#52&#51&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#53&#41&#46 &#73&#110 the former Czechoslovakia, samples have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#97&#116&#13&#10&#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 from 330 to 1,000 &#109 &#40&#49&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#45&#13&#10 <div align="center"> &#77&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#102 of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#50&#48 to 30 &#105&#110&#99&#104 &#40&#53&#48&#48&#45&#55&#53&#48&#109&#109&#41 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#116 of Queensland, &#78&#101&#119 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic &#101&#110&#118&#105&#114&#111&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 of psilocybian mushrooms, &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#104&#101&#97&#118&#121 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 It &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 "Psilocybe cubensis was &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108&#108&#121 by early settlers &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107&#46&#34 This &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#101&#114&#115&#97&#108 &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109 also probably blue stain gold caps magic mushroom applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 known &#116&#111 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110 &#111&#114 around the dung &#111&#102 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#115 Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii.<br> &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#114&#97&#105&#115&#101&#100 in <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushroom+kits/mushroom+recipe/" title="Mushroom Recipe Mushroom Recipe" alt="Mushroom Recipe Mushroom Recipe" >Mushroom Recipe Mushroom Recipe</a> all Australian &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115&#44 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+from+cow+poop+pics.php" title="Magic Mushrooms From Cow Poop Pics" alt="Magic Mushrooms From Cow Poop Pics" >Magic Mushrooms From Cow Poop Pics</a> &#97&#115 in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#102&#114&#111&#109 areas where they were collected. In the case &#111&#102 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#114&#101&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 referred to as NZ, cattle are the &#112&#114&#105&#109&#97&#114&#121 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 but &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#116&#121 &#99&#97&#112&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#111&#102 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#45&#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 ruminants and not directly from &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101 &#40&#74&#97&#110&#115&#101&#110&#44 &#80&#101&#114&#115&#46 &#67&#111&#109&#109&#46&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#56&#41&#46 The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 which most &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#117&#115&#101&#100 at one time or another for recreational purposes.<br> </div> </p> <p> CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 Well some species may be &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.<br>The first &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia were brought from &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 other &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 the government owned approximately &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 which were importedfrom <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushroom+spore/" title="Mushroom Spore" alt="Mushroom Spore" >Mushroom Spore</a> &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the west coast of America.<br> &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 thatsome of &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 in &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 such habitats, must &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 all belong to introduced species". It is &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 the SouthAfrican dung beetle which &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 the spores.<br> According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 Scotland, "it must beremembered that fungi can change &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ claim &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 P. cubensis as a &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 the belief that some] farmers in early times may have] added one or &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#91&#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 to a mealto liven it up and still do] &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 is, they were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 first livestock to arrive in Australia were &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 of Good Hope in1788, and included &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#53 cows, &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 farm animals. Byl803, the &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 cattle, most of which <H1>hillucination hillucination hillucination cow cow</H1> were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 period thatsome of the &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 in thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced species". &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been the SouthAfrican dung &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 Australia and &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 "use of P. cubensis as &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 confirm the belief that some] farmers &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 have] &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 up and still do] Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms arrive in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 Well some species may be &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 there naturally. Other &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 on the subcontinent.The first livestock to &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 brought from the Cape of &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 included 2 bulls &#97&#110&#100 &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 with other &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 the government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape, &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 coast of America.<br> It was &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 of &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 <i>hillucination hillucination hillucination cow cow</i> in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 thecase of Australia, all &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 spores. According to &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 Royal Botanic &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 "it must beremembered that &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 preferences and &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 kangaroo droppings &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 studied the "magicmushrooms" in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 "use &#111&#102 &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 a &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 the belief that &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 times &#91&#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 or two basidiomes &#91&#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#97 mealto liven &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 do Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 arrive &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 Zealand?" &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 be endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 the introduction of cattle &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 1800 cattle, most &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 the Cape, Calcutta, and the &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, <u>hillucination hillucination hillucination cow cow</u> 1973).<br> According to Australian mycologist &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 cow &#111&#114 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 to such habitats, &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 belong &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 According &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 and there &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 droppings <H3>mushrooms of of</H3> etc." Some mycologists who &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 some &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 two &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#97 mealto liven it up and &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 Watling, 1981)." <p align="left"> It has been suggested by an &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 general &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#99 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#115 well as members <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/bestthingstodoonshrooms.php" title="Bestthingstodoonshrooms" alt="Bestthingstodoonshrooms" >Bestthingstodoonshrooms</a> of its drug using subculture, first became aware &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 of these psychoactive mushrooms by &#97 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#40&#115&#41&#44 &#119&#104&#111 came from either New Zealand or <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+australiana/history+of+shrooms/" title="Psilocybe Australiana History Of Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Australiana History Of Shrooms" >Psilocybe Australiana History Of Shrooms</a> &#116&#104&#101 &#85&#110&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#40&#72&#97&#119&#97&#105&#105&#41 and most likely &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#100 &#101&#116&#104&#110&#111&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 local surfers (McCarthy, 1971). This physician reported that the use of psychoactive &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 21 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#115 &#34&#119&#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 demonstrated during a survey on &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#97&#98&#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#119&#97&#115 conducted in &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#108&#57&#54&#57&#46&#34 This survey relied on interviews of 51 people belonging to &#34&#116&#104&#101 &#96&#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#39 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#98&#101&#97&#99&#104 &#114&#101&#115&#111&#114&#116&#115&#34&#46 In &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#111&#99&#116&#111&#114 believed that "although the survey involved surfers &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#102&#101&#109&#97&#108&#101 &#102&#114&#105&#101&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 is no suggestion that the use of these drugs is &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112&#44 which constitutes but a proportion of &#111&#117&#114 &#40&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110&#41 &#121&#111&#117&#110&#103 &#100&#114&#117&#103 taking &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46&#34 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#117&#115 likely that word-of-mouth communication made a significant contribution to the increasing use &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90&#46 </p> <p align="left"> &#13&#10&#74&#79&#67&#72&#69&#78 &#71&#65&#82&#84&#90&#13&#10&#77&#65&#71&#73&#67 &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#65&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 World A Scientific Journey Across &#67&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#84&#105&#109&#101&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#104&#97&#108&#108&#101&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#82&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 Value &#83&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#115&#13&#10&#42 &#76&#73&#83 &#80&#85&#66&#76&#73&#67&#65&#84&#73&#79&#78&#83 &#42 &#76&#79&#83 ANGELES, &#67&#65&#42&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE &#79&#70 &#67&#79&#78&#84&#69&#78&#84 &#40&#87&#105&#116&#104 &#65&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go &#84&#111 &#84&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#103&#101&#41&#13&#10&#34&#87&#104&#111 &#87&#97&#115 the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. &#73&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#57&#13&#10&#50&#46 &#82&#101&#102&#108&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#110 the History and Scientific &#83&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#77&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 10 3. &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magicmushroomidentification.php" title="Magicmushroomidentification" alt="Magicmushroomidentification" >Magicmushroomidentification</a> Knowledge About &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#49&#52&#13&#10&#51&#46&#49 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata: The &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms &#71&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#87&#111&#111&#100 &#68&#101&#98&#114&#105&#115 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and &#77&#121&#116&#104&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 Species 37 3.<br>4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.<br>5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.<br>6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114 Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon &#97&#110&#100 &#77&#101&#116&#111&#108 &#84&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#58 &#82&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom &#67&#117&#108&#116&#105&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#58 &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#70&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#97&#110&#100 New Techniques &#54&#54&#13&#10&#55&#46 &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#56&#50&#13&#10&#55&#46&#51 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#39&#115 Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs &#97&#110&#100 &#67&#111&#110&#118&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#56&#55&#13&#10&#55&#46&#53 &#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 Experimentation 93 7.6 &#73&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#116&#101&#103&#111&#114&#121 Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. &#79&#117&#116&#108&#111&#111&#107 &#49&#49&#52&#13&#10&#49&#49&#46 &#66&#105&#98&#108&#105&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#49&#50&#48&#13&#10&#73&#110&#100&#101&#120 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color &#112&#97&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#111&#119&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#116&#111 enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 by a human &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103&#46 &#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#115&#13&#10&#106&#117&#115&#116 &#119&#104&#111 &#116&#104&#101 first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#101 &#99&#97&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#46 Mycophobes, &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 <b>magic mushroom grow kits from the united kingdom</b> &#97&#114&#101 &#113&#117&#105&#99&#107 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#118&#111&#105&#99&#101 their conviction that only a &#102&#111&#111&#108 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#107&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#101&#110&#111&#117&#103&#104 to want to attain a higher state of &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#98&#101&#121&#111&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#97&#114&#105&#101&#115 of everyday reality. And <H2>Misters</H2> &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#97 &#102&#111&#111&#108 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid &#115&#111&#105&#108&#44&#13&#10&#114&#111&#116&#116&#101&#110 &#119&#111&#111&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#111&#100&#111&#114&#111&#117&#115 mounds of cow manure. Historically, &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#98&#101&#101&#110 &#102&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought &#116&#111 &#98&#101 <b>uses of mushrooms</b> &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#115 that had dripped from &#115&#101&#114&#112&#101&#110&#116&#115&#39 &#102&#97&#110&#103&#115&#59&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97 &#107&#110 </p> Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of This document provides complete directions for cultivating psilocybin Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. </p> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="left"> <a href="/Archives.html" class="doNotPrint">About</a><br /> <a href="/Contact.html" class="doNotPrint">Contact</a> </div> <br class="doNotDisplay doNotPrint" /> <div class="right"> copyright © 2006 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/oregonbluemushroom.php" title="Oregonbluemushroom" alt="Oregonbluemushroom" >Oregonbluemushroom</a><br /> design by <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+prague.php" title="Magic Mushrooms Prague" alt="Magic Mushrooms Prague" >Magic Mushrooms Prague</a> </div></div> </body>