things to do on shrooms :: mushroomstore.biz

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id="introduction">which mushrooms grow on cow dung</h1> <p><img border="1" src="/images/Blue-Meanies-Cubensis-Strain-Psychedelic-Myspace-C" alt=" Psylosybus Cubinsous Grow"> ed and large numbers &#111&#102 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#117&#99&#116&#101&#100&#44&#13&#10&#112&#114&#105&#109&#97&#114&#105&#108&#121 with &#76&#83&#68&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#111&#114&#115 &#115&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 to discover the &#114&#101&#99&#101&#112&#116&#111&#114 &#98&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#105&#116&#101&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis of psychedelic visions. Today, we still lack a &#115&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#111&#114&#101&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#102&#114&#97&#109&#101&#119&#111&#114&#107 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#108&#97&#105&#110 the &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#104&#105&#112 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#97&#110&#100 the manifestation of their psychoactivity. &#69&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 is certainly &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#97&#110&#116&#44 &#105&#116&#115 &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115&#44 &#117&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 a &#102&#117&#110&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#97 &#114&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#101&#45&#115&#105&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#112&#104&#97&#114&#109&#97&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 approach to investigating the effects of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline &#45 &#97&#110&#13&#10&#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#97&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 in fact, &#116&#111&#111 &#110&#97&#114&#114&#111&#119 &#116&#111 &#97&#100&#100&#114&#101&#115&#115 the remarkably unusual nature of these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and psychologists on the other can often be &#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#97&#108&#108 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#121 back &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#49&#57&#53&#48&#39&#115&#44&#13&#10&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#97 legacy of disputes &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#103&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#121&#101&#116 to &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#111&#108&#118&#101&#100&#46 &#83&#46 &#71&#114&#111&#102 undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental &#76&#83&#68&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#116&#111&#99&#111&#108&#115 &#105&#110 &#97&#110 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116 to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#111&#114 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#97&#108&#108 of the time.<br> His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific &#116&#114&#105&#103&#103&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#115&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 states of consciousness, which do not fit the &#115&#121&#110&#100&#114&#111&#109&#101&#13&#10&#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#101&#100 &#34&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#115&#105&#115&#34&#46 &#82&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 it is the individual's personality, along with the experimental &#115&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101 the nature of &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 view is shared &#98&#121 &#97 &#109&#97&#106&#111&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102 experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such &#97&#115 &#110&#97&#117&#115&#101&#97 &#111&#114 &#118&#111&#109&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103&#44 can often be controlled through psychological intervention techniques administered by trained &#112&#114&#111&#102&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#80&#108&#101&#116&#104&#111&#114&#97 &#111&#102 &#78&#97&#109&#101&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 broad range of possible experiences inspired &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#115 other &#116&#104&#97&#110&#13&#10&#34&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115&#34&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#109&#105&#109&#101&#116&#105&#99&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#100&#121&#115&#108&#101&#112&#116&#105&#99&#97&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#101&#109&#101&#116&#105&#99&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#34&#80&#104&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#34 (Lewin) is the oldest label ever used to describe this class of substances.<br> &#84&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#109 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#101&#118&#111&#107&#101&#115 &#100&#114&#101&#97&#109&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#44 fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric emotional overtones.<br> More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#117&#115&#101 the labels &#116&#104&#97&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97&#110&#121 &#102&#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#111&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 characteristics &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114 to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the 1960's has &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#97&#103&#101&#100 &#34&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99&#115&#34 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#99&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#103&#108&#97&#109&#111&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#97&#110&#100 too positive a label, as the term was popular &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#84&#105&#109&#111&#116&#104&#121 &#76&#101&#97&#114&#121&#39&#115 &#102&#97&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 supporters. When used in low doses or for &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mostcommonmagicmushroomsinnj.php" title="Mostcommonmagicmushroomsinnj" alt="Mostcommonmagicmushroomsinnj" >Mostcommonmagicmushroomsinnj</a> &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 are most likely to bring about a kind of magical &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#117&#114&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 heightened ability to &#112&#101&#114&#99&#101&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#116&#108&#101 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 color spectru There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New Zealand. Four of these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms. They include Psilocybe cubensis and/or Psilocybe subcubensis (known locally as "gold caps" and/or "gold tops"), Psilocybe subaeruginosa, and Copelandia cyanescens (the latter is known locally as "blue meanies"). These four species contain the mind altering alkaloids psilocybine and psilocine and are the most common hallucinogenic mushrooms in Australia. In New Zealand, the most commonly used species are Copelandia cyanescens and Psilocybe semilanceata, the latter species is recognized throughout the world as the "liberty cap"). This species only occurs in manured soil and does not grow directly from the dung of cattle, sheep or other four legged farm animals. Psilocybe cubensis the most popular of these species, is well known throughout much of the world; however, this species is not known to occur in New Zealand. Other species described in this guide are known to occur in manured soil, in pastures, meadows, grazing lands, some lawns and in the bark mulch and woodchips of deciduous woods. <p align="right"> &#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 from the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 Denmark, &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/amanita+muscaria+northeastern.php" title="Amanita Muscaria Northeastern" alt="Amanita Muscaria Northeastern" >Amanita Muscaria Northeastern</a> comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 relatively tiny species, <H3>magic mushrooms that grow in woodchips</H3> &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 tend to share their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 is particularly pertinent in &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 Prior to &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 the Psilocybe genus languished &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 To this day, few 189. &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#91&#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#93&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 taller than they are wide, &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 later &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 is 1.5-4 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 an &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 mushrooms are completely dried. &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are thin-fleshed, bald, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 pellicle that remains &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 quite crowded; gill attachment is either &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 up &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 attached at &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 later on.<br> Spores are elongated &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 and large, &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 always twisted, &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 mm thick, yellowish or &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 flesh is ocher brown in color, especially &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August <b>magic mushrooms that grow in woodchips</b> to October, frequently in &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition.<br> It is not a particularly rare species.<br> Figure 11(above) &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in German, with &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 have been &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 mycologists have often neglected &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 Psilocybe semilanceata, &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 their habitats with other, more &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 "The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 mycologists abound" is particularly &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 the Psilocybe species. &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 of psilocybin, &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 obtuse &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and curved inward; &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 cap is &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 dirtyish &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 against an &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 banded by a darkcolored, &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 turning &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 olive brown to blackish purple brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 shape, smooth and large, measuring &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 color; areas subjected to &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 are &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture.<br> When dry, the flesh of the &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow, &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 is ocher brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom.<br> It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 October, &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 and can be found &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 roadways, growing on &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 complete decomposition. It is not &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This excellent &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 Michael & Schulz (1927) &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 originally published &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 English translation. Mycologists &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 from the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 Germany, Switzerland, Austria, &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 Poland, the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 England, Wales, Italy and &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 comprehensive maps detailing &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 tend &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 other, &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 "The mushrooms &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 abound" &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 to &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 the discovery &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 languished in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 often &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 wide, margins are bent and curved inward; &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 an &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 pale yellow and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 blackish purple brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 edges often remaining white, gill &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 wide; attached &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 detached &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 roughly at the center, &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 of &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 brittle &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 white fibrous &#99&#111&#114&#100 &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 from &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 in &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 found in pastures and along roadways, &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 has undergone complete decomposition. &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#97 particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in German, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 spa have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern.<br> Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 discovery &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 To this day, few 189.<br> &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 cap is &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 with a pointy or obtuse center &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 initially, caps are often taller than &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 wet, with &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 the center, coloration is ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall shade of smudgy pale yellow &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 only the &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 darkcolored, watery stripe &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried.<br> Lacking a &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 <u>magic mushrooms that grow in woodchips</u> &#119&#105&#116&#104 an &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 gelatinous-sticky for &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 shiny when dry. Gills &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 blackish purple &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 up to 3.5 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 the stem only, fully detached &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 to ellipitical in shape, smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 u by &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 blackish purple brown. Stem is very &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 and always &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 bluishgreen stains. Stems are &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 at the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 like remnants of a veil, which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 with a &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 the flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 colored pale yellow, while &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 August to October, &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition.<br> It is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/aquarium+kits/psilocybe+caerulipes.php" title="Aquarium Kits Psilocybe Caerulipes" alt="Aquarium Kits Psilocybe Caerulipes" >Aquarium Kits Psilocybe Caerulipes</a> semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 originally published &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 sp </p> The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary effects by reading the published literature or the many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would be able to find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms. , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me <p align="justify"> &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#100&#101&#97&#116&#104 and disease, &#98&#108&#111&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#115&#116&#111&#109&#97&#99&#104&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#97&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#66&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as these have survived to the &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#97&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#105&#115&#116&#44 for example,,, as figures of &#115&#112&#101&#101&#99&#104&#44 &#115 &#117 &#99 h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit &#97&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#111&#110&#101 &#34&#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 madness-inducing mushrooms.<br>" But, there &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#121&#99&#101&#110&#97&#101&#97&#110 civilization began &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#116&#114&#105&#112 -Mushrooms were an &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 &#111&#102 Dionysus. Porphyrius, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#116&#104 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#121 &#76&#97&#116&#105&#110 poet and contemporary &#111&#102 &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 &#113&#117&#97&#115&#105&#45&#99&#97&#110&#110&#105&#98&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 the &#97&#99&#116 &#111&#102 &#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#101&#110&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides &#105&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 known as "fool's mushrooms", which were &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 be the &#115&#112&#97&#119&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#111&#117&#116 the late &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101 &#65&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#101&#108&#108 into modern times. The &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#115 &#105&#110 Mexico referred to a number &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 or "flesh of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 were eaten during the course &#111&#102 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 contact the Gods in order to learn about &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 of the divine. &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 spooked the Catholic Spaniards.<br> The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#113&#117&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 Still, all good things survive the tests of time, &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 &#111&#102 magic mushroom eaters did not become &#101&#120&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#46 &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 cult continued to flourish, &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#116&#105&#109&#101 in recorded history, &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116 &#111&#102 the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention.<br> Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#100&#101&#114&#110 &#110&#101&#111&#45&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#99 &#109&#111&#118&#101&#109&#101&#110&#116&#46&#13&#10&#66&#97&#99&#107 &#116&#111 the Old World: The revelations and insights &#103&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 of psychoactive mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#111 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 that our native European &#34&#102&#111&#111&#108&#39&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#45 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 gene ; considered inedible - &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#111&#103&#110&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#97&#115 closely &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 of Mexico, <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+to+make+shrooms/mycology.php" title="How To Make Shrooms Mycology" alt="How To Make Shrooms Mycology" >How To Make Shrooms Mycology</a> the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#114&#101 essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#13&#10&#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 and testing &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105&#46 &#84&#104&#101 research efforts &#117&#112&#111&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, &#102&#114&#101&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#106&#117&#100&#105&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#100 mycophobia.<br> &#73&#13&#10&#97&#109 &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom &#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 &#102&#97&#114 &#100&#101&#101&#112&#101&#114 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+prague.php" title="Magic Mushrooms Mushrooms" alt="Magic Mushrooms Mushrooms" >Magic Mushrooms Mushrooms</a> scientific insights than we can ever expect from &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#105&#118&#111&#114&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#99&#97&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#115&#44 isolated from reality </p> Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in <p align="justify"> Most recreational users &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <H3>shrooms from horse manure</H3> <H2>shrooms from horse manure</H2> &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#40&#119&#104&#101&#110 <u>shrooms from horse manure</u> grown in <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/nz+hallucinogenic+mushrooms.php" title="Nz Hallucinogenic Mushrooms" alt="Nz Hallucinogenic Mushrooms" >Nz Hallucinogenic Mushrooms</a> vitro) &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101 &#97 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/amanita+muscaria+geographic+distribution+in/How+to+Grow+Liberty+Cap+Mushrooms.php" title="Muscaria Grow Geographic Mushrooms Cap Amanita Grow Liberty How Liberty Muscaria" alt="Muscaria Grow Geographic Mushrooms Cap Amanita Grow Liberty How Liberty Muscaria" >Muscaria Grow Geographic Mushrooms Cap Amanita Grow Liberty How Liberty Muscaria</a> &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 <H1>shrooms from horse manure</H1> &#111&#102 </p> <div align="center"> a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 France, Russia, Poland, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 pertinent &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in the &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 initially, caps are often taller than they &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 curved inward; later on, width &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 cm. &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 by a darkcolored, watery stripe &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 caps are &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+gold+tops.php" title="Magic Tops Mushrooms Gold" alt="Magic Tops Mushrooms Gold" >Magic Tops Mushrooms Gold</a> when &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 to blackish purple brown in color, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 white, gill spacing is quite crowded; &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 detached later &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 ellipitical in shape, &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 12-16 u by 6-8,u. &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is colored pale yellow, &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 is ocher brown in color, &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 roadways, growing on dung &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 It is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe semilanceata &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists spa have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cubensis.php" title="Cubensis" alt="Cubensis" >Cubensis</a> &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 France, Russia, &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 their habitats &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 species. The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are &#98&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 later on, width of cap &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 or greenish-yellow against an &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 pale yellow and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 the &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 a darkcolored, &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, turning &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 olive &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 edges often remaining &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 crowded; gill &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 the stem only, fully detached &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 is blackish purple brown. Stem is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in color; areas &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 appear like remnants of &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 brittle and lined with a &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 &#111&#102 wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 the &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 in color, especially towards the &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 and its flavor &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 August to &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 clusters, and &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 and &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 that has undergone complete decomposition. It &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 rare species.<br> Figure 11(above) This excellent &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 by Michael & Schulz (1927) is &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 published in German, with an English translation.<br> Mycologists spa have been reported from the following countries: &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 Switzerland, Austria, The &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 relatively &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 phrase &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. &#91&#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 conic to &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 they are wide, margins are bent and curved &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 margins; at &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are thin-fleshed, bald, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 or mostly adnexed; &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 wide; attached at &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 is blackish purple brown.<br> Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in color; areas subjected &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 Stems are &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 lined with a white fibrous cord &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 flesh of the cap &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 <H3>Zooms</H3> and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species.<br> Figure 11(above) This excellent &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 Michael & &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 originally &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 English translation. Mycologists spa have been reported &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps detailing the &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 often neglected relatively tiny &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 that tend to share their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 pertinent in reference to &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 the discovery of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in the literature, shrouded &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless The cap &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and curved inward; later &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 is <b>Zooms</b> 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 with &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 the center, coloration is ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 margins &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are completely dried. &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are thin-fleshed, bald, with an &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 gelatinous-sticky for &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 shiny when dry.<br> Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 only, &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 6-8,u. Color &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 blackish purple brown.<br> Stem &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 uniformly &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 6-12 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 or whitish in color; &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 develop bluishgreen stains.<br> Stems are silky smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 center, cortinate &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 which is brittle and lined &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 the stem's flesh is ocher brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom. &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 is mild. The mushroom grows from August to &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 clusters, and can be found in pastures and &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 This &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 by &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp </div> own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have very little knowledge of their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who collect and ingest them. Some of these popular names are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 ( see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia as "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given to this species by members of a local, drugusing group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997). As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden tops" or "gold caps". The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are common terms applied to Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used by visiting surfers from both New Zealand and Australia, to describe the macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the locally based surfers in Australia and NZ. own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality More than half of Australia's &#98&#101&#101&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 found in the &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102 &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100 and New &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 20 to 30 inch &#40&#53&#48&#48&#45&#55&#53&#48&#109&#109&#41 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#116 &#111&#102 &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#101&#119 South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+cyanofibrillosa/psilocybe+cubensis.php" title="Psilocybe Cyanofibrillosa Psilocybe Cubensis" alt="Psilocybe Cyanofibrillosa Psilocybe Cubensis" >Psilocybe Cyanofibrillosa Psilocybe Cubensis</a> &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 heavy &#114&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 suggested &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#34&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#97&#109&#101 spore dispersal mechanism &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 Copelandia cyanescens, &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 additional species &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110 or &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#111&#102 other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic &#34&#104&#97&#121&#109&#97&#107&#101&#114&#39&#115&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 While &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#114&#97&#105&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#108&#108 Australian states, as well as in the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#108&#111&#119&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 have been known to export &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#112&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected.<br> In the case of New Zealand, &#104&#101&#114&#101&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97&#115 NZ, cattle are the primary &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+to+pick+magic+mushrooms.php" title="How To Pick Magic Mushrooms" alt="How To Pick Magic Mushrooms" >How To Pick Magic Mushrooms</a> &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 but &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#116&#121 &#99&#97&#112&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 Psilocybe semilanceata only &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988).<br> The identification section of &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 locations for more than 1 dozen species &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and &#78&#90 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey &#65&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#67&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#84&#105&#109&#101&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#114 Challenging Research and Value Systems * &#76&#73&#83 &#80&#85&#66&#76&#73&#67&#65&#84&#73&#79&#78&#83 &#42 &#76&#79&#83 ANGELES, &#67&#65&#42&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On &#65 &#83&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 &#84&#111 &#71&#111 To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#72&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#97&#110&#100 Scientific Study of To Poop To What Shrooms Shrooms Start Magic &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#49&#48&#13&#10&#51&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#49&#54&#13&#10&#51&#46&#50 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#58 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115&#58 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#97&#110&#100 Myths about the &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#51&#55&#13&#10&#51&#46&#52 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 aeruginascens: <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+to+pick+shrooms+out+of+cow+manure.php" title="How To Pick Shrooms Out Of Cow Manure" alt="How To Pick Shrooms Out Of Cow Manure" >How To Pick Shrooms Out Of Cow Manure</a> &#70&#97&#115&#116&#45&#83&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#78&#101&#119 &#65&#114&#114&#105&#118&#97&#108&#115 &#52&#52&#13&#10&#51&#46&#53 &#71&#121&#109&#110&#111&#112&#105&#108&#117&#115 purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#53&#49&#13&#10&#51&#46&#54 Conocybe cyanopus: &#84&#105&#110&#121 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#102 &#82&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus &#115&#97&#108&#105&#99&#105&#110&#117&#115&#58 &#65 &#76&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101&#45&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#87&#111&#111&#100&#45&#73&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic &#67&#111&#110&#102&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114 Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The &#66&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 &#80&#104&#101&#110&#111&#109&#101&#110&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 <b>To Poop To What Shrooms Shrooms Start</b> &#77&#101&#116&#111&#108 Testing: Reality vs. Wishful &#84&#104&#105&#110&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#54&#51&#13&#10&#54&#46 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#67&#117&#108&#116&#105&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#58 Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#55&#55&#13&#10&#55&#46&#49 &#83&#112&#111&#116&#108&#105&#103&#104&#116 on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention &#56&#52&#13&#10&#55&#46&#52 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#67&#117&#115&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese &#69&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#57&#51&#13&#10&#55&#46&#54 &#73&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 the Oldest Known &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#67&#117&#108&#116 &#105&#110 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast &#65&#115&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 Pacific Islands &#57&#56&#13&#10&#56&#46 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#67&#111&#109&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#110 Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index &#49&#50&#57&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50 &#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis from Australia Figure 3 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#112&#97&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, &#49&#57&#50&#55&#41&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#52 &#45 &#70&#114&#101&#115&#104 Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#109&#101&#114&#103&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 eater &#119&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#115&#119&#101&#114&#115 &#116&#111 these &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#101 &#99&#97&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#46 Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a &#102&#111&#111&#108 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#107&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#101&#110&#111&#117&#103&#104 to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. &#65&#110&#100 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#97 &#102&#111&#111&#108 would attempt to &#100&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#121 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#100&#100 little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and &#109&#97&#108&#111&#100&#111&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#111&#102 &#99&#111&#119&#13&#10&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#72&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 magic, mushrooms have been feared &#97&#110&#100 &#104&#97&#116&#101&#100&#96 &#115&#105&#110&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#116&#105&#113&#117&#105&#116&#121&#58 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 were thought to be made from poisons &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#100 &#100&#114&#105&#112&#112&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 serpents' fangs; they &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#117&#110&#99&#108&#101&#97&#110 emissions <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/liberty+caps/shrooms+online.php" title="Liberty Caps Shrooms Online" alt="Liberty Caps Shrooms Online" >Liberty Caps Shrooms Online</a> of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97 &#107&#110 Macroscopically, it is extremely difficult to distinguish from Psilocybe semilanceata. Unlike the latter species, however, Psilocybe pelliculosa will grow in forests on wood chips and sawdust. Beug and Bigwood were able to furnish analytical proof in support of the claim that Psilocybe pelliculosa is weaker in its psychotropic effects than comparable species. Psilocybe pelliculosa contains about 30-50% of the amount of psilocybin found in Psilocybe cyanescens (slang names: Blue wavy, Cyan, Grandote), a species common across the Pacific Northwest. It fruits primarily in parks, forming partial fairy rings. This species did not become popular among users until the mid-1970s. species still fruits most abundantly in the fall. A New Psychoactive Mushroom Mushroom Trips as a Popular Sport Several additional Psilocybe species have been found in the Pacific Northwest, even though the taxonomic classification of most of these species remains inadequate, despite the fact that monographs such as those by P. Stamets offer quite detailed descriptions of the psychotropic mycoflora. In the mid-1970s, Guzman and Ott reported a rather spectacular event concerning the spread of a "new" mushroom species. During the fall of 1972, large numbers of a strongly bluing gilled mushroom with a distinct ring pattern were found at the University of Washington in Seattle. The fruiting bodies were found growing on bark mulch, which came from a central distribution point and which had been spread widely across the campus by gardeners. Due to the bluing reaction, students at the university assumed that the mushroom contained psilocybin, a belief that was confirmed later on. The sudden appearance of massive numbers of fruiting bodies quickly inspired students at the university to use the mushrooms as a hallucinogen. In my opinion, it is still uncertain if the mushroom really appeared spontaneously, or whether it fruited on bark debris simply because the substance had previously been mixed with spawn derived from fruiting bodies that originated elsewhere. In any case, in 1976, the mushrooms were named Psilocybe stuntzii Guzman & Ott (slang name: "blue veil" or "stuntzees", (see Figures 54 and 71). Today, the species can be found growing on bark and on lawns in parks, on golf courses, football fields and gardens in numbers so large that it is considered the second most important species in terms of usage, after Psilocybe semilanceata. In addition, Panaeolus subbalteatus is another regionally important mushroom species (slang name: "red cap"), even though its users believe it to be slightly more poisonous than the Psilocybe species. Still, the mushroom is used quite frequently, because it begins to fruit during the spring. The Psilocybe species, on the other hand, do not appear until fall and continue to grow into early winter, when temperatures consistently drop below freezing, which inhibits further fruiting of the spe , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#115&#111&#97&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#102&#111&#114 more than 3,000 years.<br> Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi &#98&#121 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#115 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100&#44 especially &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 United States, Canada, Mexico, &#67&#97&#114&#105&#98&#98&#101&#97&#110&#44 &#71&#114&#101&#97&#116 &#66&#114&#105&#116&#97&#105&#110&#44 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand.<br> &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#100&#101&#114&#110&#44 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101 of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World &#87&#105&#100&#101 &#87&#101&#98 &#97&#110&#100 &#73&#110&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#116&#44 and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#101&#116&#104&#110&#111&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#46 Gordon Wasson, (Harvard &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#84&#105&#109&#111&#116&#104&#121 &#76&#101&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#114&#97&#118&#101&#108&#101&#114 Jeremy Sanford, &#104&#101&#97&#108&#116&#104 &#103&#117&#114&#117 &#65&#110&#100&#114&#101&#119 &#87&#101&#105&#108&#44 and &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#65&#108&#108&#101&#110 &#44 Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 accidental and purposeful use of &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and New Zealand. Information &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#104&#97&#115 been &#103&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#101&#100 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/best+things+to+do+on+shrooms.php" title="Best To On Best Best Shrooms" alt="Best To On Best Best Shrooms" >Best To On Best Best Shrooms</a> &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 in Australia by the author and &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 (NZ) professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New <b>physiology of Psilocybe cyanescens</b> It has <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shiitake+mushroom/edible+mushroom.php" title="Mushroom Gallery Mushroom Gallery Mushroom Gallery Shiitake" alt="Mushroom Gallery Mushroom Gallery Mushroom Gallery Shiitake" >Mushroom Gallery Mushroom Gallery Mushroom Gallery Shiitake</a> &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97&#110 Australian physician that the general public in Australia, as &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 &#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 its drug <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/texaspsychoactivemushrooms.php" title="Texaspsychoactivemushrooms" alt="Texaspsychoactivemushrooms" >Texaspsychoactivemushrooms</a> using subculture, n the U.S.) contribute to the therapeutic process; they may even be the sole source for future progress. Under these conditions, stereo music also significantly deepened the intensity of the experience. It appears that these kinds of specific experiences may also account for the remarkable success of treating terminal patients with LSD to ease their fears in the face of death and to reduce even the most severe forms of pain. In many such cases, symptoms disappeared entirely, and relief from pain and anxiety that continued even after the drug's acute effects had worn off. A book by S. Grof provides a compassionate analysis of such successful treatments, which serves to underscore the fact that systematic efforts to investigate these particular therapeutic benefits have only just begun. So far, LSD has been the most widely studied substance in terms of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients, as well as dipropyltryptamine (DPT), a synthetic drug structurally similar to psilocybin that is active only when administered by injection. Below, a young woman from Switzerland gives a detailed account of her second mushroom experience. Her first experiment, with Psilocybe cubensis, had already introduced her to the realm of mystical experiences. For her second journey, she used 20 Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms as part of a group ritual and achieved transcendence. A remarkable feature of her account is that the presence of an experienced guide was needed to realize the full potential of this visionary quest. "1 sat down next to another participant, seeking to connect with others in preparation for my journey. We proceeded to eat the fresh mushrooms. The room grew quiet and lovely music began to play. The mushrooms's effects came on much faster than they did during my first experiment. Twice I tried to establish closer contact with my fellow participant, but he was very nervous, and no source of reassurance for me. I was seeking my spiritual companion, but did not find that person among the present group. I became a figure in a long, white robe, wandering aimlessly among the columns (Greece?), still searching. My gaze lingered briefly on the wall next to the door and I saw faces and figures appear and vanish, but they did not hold my interest. It was hopeless. I continued my aimless roaming, and I was on the material plane, which I wanted to leave - had to leave. Suddenly, I found myself with one of the guides, who wanted to help me. I stared off into the distance, longing to be free of the material plane, but unable to do so. For a long time, I failed to connect with the guide; our two worlds were just too different. Suddenly I sensed that he wasn't able to look at me directly. The path by which to reach me runs through my eyes, because only they are truly alive. I asked him to help me on my way and invited him to look into my eyes. I felt as if all life energy was draining from my bo <p align="left"> own cause of &#100&#101&#97&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#105&#115&#101&#97&#115&#101&#44 &#98&#108&#111&#97&#116&#101&#100 stomachs and insanity.<br> Beliefs &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#104&#97&#118&#101 survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, &#115 &#117 &#99 &#104 as the slick Austrian description of a societal &#109&#105&#115&#102&#105&#116 &#97&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#111&#110&#101 &#34&#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#116&#101 those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 &#97&#115 well. Flesh of &#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 Worshippers The Old World.<br> &#77&#121&#99&#101&#110&#97&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#105&#118&#105&#108&#105&#122&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 &#111&#102 Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 the children of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#111&#100&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#72&#79 &#87&#65&#83 &#84&#72&#69 &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act &#111&#102 &#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#111&#102 the &#103&#111&#100&#115 &#117&#110&#108&#111&#99&#107&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101&#39&#115 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 the truly <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/where+to+find+magic+mushies.php" title="Where To Find Magic Mushies" alt="Where To Find Magic Mushies" >Where To Find Magic Mushies</a> divine.<br> But not all mushrooms enable human beings &#116&#111 &#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 divine consciousness. &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#105&#100&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121 those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#116&#104&#101 spawn of the Devil throughout the &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101 &#65&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#101&#108&#108 into modern &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#115 in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#110&#100 the realm of the &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 vision while on mushrooms &#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#111&#102 as Devil &#119&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 Inquisition. &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#103&#111&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#115 survive the tests &#111&#102 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 of magic mushroom eaters did not &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#101&#120&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#46 &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 the cult continued to flourish, &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#116&#105&#109&#101 in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 re-surfaced to Spore Psilocybin Oregon &#100&#114&#97&#119 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#99 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were &#115&#111 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 <H2>Magic Mushrooms In Wood Chips</H2> &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 native European "fool's mushrooms" &#45 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#101 &#59 considered inedible - had &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#111&#103&#110&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#97&#115 &#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#108&#121 related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#108&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are &#101&#115&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 same substance: psilocybin.<br> Jochen &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122 &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#97&#110 extraordinary contribution to the field &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#98&#121 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/edible+mushroom.php" title="Edible Mushroom" alt="Edible Mushroom" >Edible Mushroom</a> &#101&#109&#98&#114&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#13&#10&#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#97&#110&#100 testing of these fungi.<br> The &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#117&#112&#111&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#105&#115 book is based require nothing less than &#97 &#102&#101&#97&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#98&#114&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#117&#114&#97&#103&#101&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#101 &#111&#102 prejudice and mycophobia. <H2>Spore Psilocybin Oregon</H2> I am convinced that &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114&#39&#115 <i>Spore Psilocybin Oregon</i> &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 the spirit &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 is capable of far deeper scientific insights &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#119&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#110 &#101&#118&#101&#114 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality </p> <p align="left"> &#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#104&#111 gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#114&#100 &#115&#121&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#117&#109 of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#67&#111&#108&#108&#101&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#69&#97&#115&#116 Germany.<br> Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, &#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#119&#111&#114&#100&#115 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#100&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 borders and crossing &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#110&#101&#119 &#116&#101&#114&#114&#105&#116&#111&#114&#121&#46 The &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#104&#105&#109 - with no trace of dogma or ideology - &#105&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#114&#117&#101 anarchy that &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#109&#97&#114&#107 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 magic.<br> What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#109&#105&#103&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 The mycelia had spread in concentric circles &#111&#117&#116&#119&#97&#114&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#76&#101&#105&#112&#122&#105&#103&#44 &#106&#117&#109&#112&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#108&#108 political borders. Finally, &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#87&#101&#115&#116 German soil, the &#104&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#66&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110 &#87&#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#99&#114&#117&#109&#98&#108&#101&#100&#46 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 there possibly be &#97 &#99&#111&#110&#110&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 of the magic mushroom and the evolution &#111&#102 &#111&#117&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#63 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 a mushroom &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 resolution of our political conflicts? In &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#44 &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 popes, &#104&#97&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#111&#119&#110 &#106&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#101&#103&#103&#115&#44 &#117&#114&#103&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#110&#101&#101&#100&#115 &#97 new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task &#119&#105&#116&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#98&#111&#111&#107 &#97&#115 &#97 guide for the wondrous journey into &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110 &#82&#100&#116&#115&#99&#104&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 5 - &#34&#65&#110&#116&#104&#114&#111&#112&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#105&#99 &#66&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#69&#110&#103&#97&#103&#101&#100 &#105&#110 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/pickingshrooms.php" title="Pickingshrooms" alt="Pickingshrooms" >Pickingshrooms</a> Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old &#114&#111&#99&#107 &#100&#114&#97&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#84&#97&#115&#115&#105&#108&#105&#44 &#83&#97&#104&#97&#114&#97 (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I &#66&#69&#76&#73&#69&#86&#69 &#84&#72&#69 &#84&#73&#77&#69 &#72&#65&#83 COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE &#70&#73&#69&#76&#68&#83 &#79&#70 &#77&#89&#67&#79&#76&#79&#71&#89&#44 &#84&#65&#88&#79&#78&#79&#77&#89 &#65&#78&#68 NATURAL PRODUCTS &#67&#72&#69&#77&#73&#83&#84&#82&#89&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#82&#46&#71&#46 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#82&#46 Heim and &#65&#46&#13&#10&#72&#111&#102&#109&#97&#110&#110 &#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#100&#105&#115&#99&#105&#112&#108&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#103&#114&#97&#109 to study the &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts &#99&#117&#108&#109&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#13&#10&#49&#57&#53&#56 &#108&#97&#110&#100&#109&#97&#114&#107 report that described the isolation, molecular structure &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#121&#110&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39 active ingredients: &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#46 &#83&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 later, these substances were also identified &#105&#110 &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which &#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#97 series of newly discovered species.<br> Since then, &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 genera have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103 frequency. As &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#109&#121 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 work dedicated to the identification of &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115&#44 &#73 &#104&#97&#100 the good &#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#101 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#112&#97&#114&#116 of a research team &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in a variety of mushroom &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#78&#111&#119 &#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 the time has come for &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#101&#119 findings from the &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121&#44&#13&#10&#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#121 &#97&#110&#100 natural products &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#115&#116&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#104&#105&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#111&#114&#115 have already provided detailed &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 and study of &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#101 </p> <p align="center"> &#73&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 suggested by &#97&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 the &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#99 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 as well <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/fried+mushroom+recipe/" title="Recipe Mushroom Recipe" alt="Recipe Mushroom Recipe" >Recipe Mushroom Recipe</a> as &#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#105&#116&#115 &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 subculture, first became aware of the visionary &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 by a visiting surfer(s), who came from either &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 United States &#40&#72&#97&#119&#97&#105&#105&#41 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 provided &#101&#116&#104&#110&#111&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 surfers (McCarthy, 1971). This &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 use of psychoactive mushrooms, as well <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/gold+top+mushroom/psychedelic+myspace.php" title="Gold Psychedelic Myspace Top Myspace" alt="Gold Psychedelic Myspace Top Myspace" >Gold Psychedelic Myspace Top Myspace</a> &#97&#115 &#50&#49 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#115 "was &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#100&#101&#109&#111&#110&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97 survey &#111&#110 &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#97&#98&#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#119&#97&#115 conducted in Southern Queensland during l969.<br>" This survey relied on interviews &#111&#102 &#53&#49 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 "the `surfer' subculture local beach &#114&#101&#115&#111&#114&#116&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#44 the doctor believed &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#34&#97&#108&#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#101&#121 involved surfers and their female friends, there is &#110&#111 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 use of these drugs &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 group, which constitutes &#98&#117&#116 &#97 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#111&#114&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 our (Australian) &#121&#111&#117&#110&#103 &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#116&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46&#34 It is thus likely that word-of-mouth communication made a significant &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103 use of "magic mushrooms" in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90&#46 </p> More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. </p> <h1 id="cross-browser">identifying shrooms @ 3/13/2010 1:22:45 AM</h1> <p></p> <h1 id="stylesheets">magic mushrooms oaxaca</h1> <p>Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of <p align="right"> e creek on wood chips of Carpinus, &#65&#108&#110&#117&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#97&#108&#105&#120&#44 &#111&#110 raw compost mixtures of Picea, Pinus and Larix &#110&#101&#101&#100&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#97&#115&#13&#10&#83&#101&#112&#116&#46 &#79&#99&#116&#46 &#78&#111&#118&#46 &#68&#101&#99&#46 Jan. Figure 21 - Fruiting curve &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#111&#110 observations at several locations in the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#109&#97&#107&#101 use &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#107&#105&#110&#100&#115&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116 debris and &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#111&#110 &#119&#101&#116 cardboard, where they develop into <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/every+type+of+magic+mushroom.php" title="Magic Contact Magic Contact Of Contact Magic Contact Magic" alt="Magic Contact Magic Contact Of Contact Magic Contact Magic" >Magic Contact Magic Contact Of Contact Magic Contact Magic</a> &#114&#104&#105&#122&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#115 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 in &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#82&#104&#105&#122&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#97&#110&#100&#115 of &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#101&#114&#118&#101 &#116&#111 transport nutrients &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#108&#115&#111 develop intense blue stains (see Figure 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany and adjacent areas (according to Krieglsteiner).<br> Locations are indicated by black dots. Figure 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs growing on wet cardboard. Figure <i>Caps With Caps Mushrooms</i> 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at a natural location (USA). Figure 25 - Psilocybe bohemica on twigs and leaves. Impressive &#69&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97 &#105&#115 &#97 very psychoactive species.<br> Its effects are vividly &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 of one natural &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#39&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#97&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 controlled clinical trials in Prague: About 30 mg of psilocybin in mushroom tissue was prepared in hot &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#110&#111&#116&#105&#99&#101&#97&#98&#108&#101 ten minutes after ingestion. I grew increasingly quiet. At first, my legs &#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#105&#110&#103&#108&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#121 underarms as well. &#65&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97&#13&#10&#100&#101&#101&#112&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103 rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there were &#102&#105&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#117&#103&#104&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 unusual cognitive associations; this laughter &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#97&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#119&#111 "sober" guides. A growing hyperacuity interfered &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#105&#108&#105&#116&#121 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#108&#105&#115&#116&#101&#110 to music, so that Vivaldi's &#34&#83&#112&#114&#105&#110&#103&#116&#105&#109&#101&#34&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#105&#110&#102&#117&#108 &#115&#116&#97&#98&#115 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101 the &#98&#114&#97&#105&#110&#46 &#73 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#112&#97&#105&#110 to &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 "sawing knife". The experimenters appeared bloated and yellow.<br>.<br>.<br> Existing bodily characteristics, such &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#104&#97&#105&#114 &#115&#116&#105&#109&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#97 person's illusionary transformation into a monk &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#111&#110&#115&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#118&#111&#105&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 appeared reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid point &#111&#102 &#118&#105&#101&#119&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#116&#108&#101&#109&#101&#110&#13&#10&#97&#116 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 seemed to be working &#97 &#115&#119&#105&#116&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116&#44 &#102&#111&#114 some reasons, was my enemy. At &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#73 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 both of them to be quite likeable. During &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 other female subject perceived &#102&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#105&#109&#97&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#111&#118&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#115 and saw visions of her &#119&#104&#111&#108&#101 &#108&#105&#102&#101 &#117&#110&#102&#111&#108&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#104&#105&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#100 eyes. <i>scientific name of magic mushrooms</i> During this period, I had &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#110 electrical current was flowing through &#109&#121 &#98&#111&#100&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#97&#115 not &#97&#110 &#117&#110&#99&#111&#109&#102&#111&#114&#116&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#110&#115&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#65&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#114&#101&#101 hours later, the gentlemen retired to the kitchen &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 the experience changed &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#100&#114&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46&#13&#10&#65&#116 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#73 felt as if my legs were increasingly merging into the &#119&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#99&#111&#109&#102&#111&#114&#116&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46 In a state of utter &#99&#108&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#73 &#102&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 felt &#97&#115 &#105&#102 &#73 &#104&#97&#100 no &#98&#111&#100&#121 &#97&#116 &#97&#108&#108&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#115&#97&#105&#100&#46 "The most descriptive expression is the experience of a pure soul".<br> Using words as triggers, we &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101 shared experiences o </p> &#13&#10&#77&#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#105&#116 &#105&#115 extremely difficult to distinguish from Psilocybe semilanceata. Unlike the latter species, however, Psilocybe pelliculosa will grow in forests on wood &#99&#104&#105&#112&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#97&#119&#100&#117&#115&#116&#46&#13&#10&#66&#101&#117&#103 &#97&#110&#100 Bigwood were able to furnish analytical proof in support of the &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#117&#108&#111&#115&#97 &#105&#115 weaker in its psychotropic effects than comparable species.<br> &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#117&#108&#111&#115&#97 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#51&#48&#45&#53&#48&#37 of &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in Psilocybe cyanescens (slang names: &#66&#108&#117&#101 &#119&#97&#118&#121&#44 &#67&#121&#97&#110&#44 &#71&#114&#97&#110&#100&#111&#116&#101&#41&#44 a species common across &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#119&#101&#115&#116&#46 &#73&#116 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#112&#114&#105&#109&#97&#114&#105&#108&#121 in &#112&#97&#114&#107&#115&#44 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#97&#105&#114&#121 rings. This species did not become popular among users &#117&#110&#116&#105&#108 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#100&#45&#49&#57&#55&#48&#115&#46 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 still fruits most &#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#46&#13&#10&#65 New Psychoactive Mushroom &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#84&#114&#105&#112&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 Popular Sport Several additional Psilocybe species have been found in the Pacific &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#119&#101&#115&#116&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#105&#99 &#99&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of most of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#105&#110&#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101&#44 &#100&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 the fact &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#109&#111&#110&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 by P. Stamets offer quite detailed descriptions of the psychotropic mycoflora.<br> In &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#100&#45&#49&#57&#55&#48&#115&#44 &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110 &#97&#110&#100 Ott reported a &#114&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#101&#118&#101&#110&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 of &#97 &#34&#110&#101&#119&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 During the fall of 1972, large numbers &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#116&#114&#111&#110&#103&#108&#121 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 mushroom &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116 &#114&#105&#110&#103 pattern were found &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#85&#110&#105&#118&#101&#114&#115&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102 Washington &#105&#110 &#83&#101&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115 were found growing on bark mulch, which &#99&#97&#109&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 distribution point and which had been spread &#119&#105&#100&#101&#108&#121 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#109&#112&#117&#115 &#98&#121 gardeners.<br> Due to the bluing &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44&#13&#10&#115&#116&#117&#100&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#110&#105&#118&#101&#114&#115&#105&#116&#121 &#97&#115&#115&#117&#109&#101&#100 that the mushroom contained psilocybin, a belief that was confirmed later on. &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#100&#100&#101&#110 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#97&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 numbers &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#99&#107&#108&#121&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101&#100 students at the &#117&#110&#105&#118&#101&#114&#115&#105&#116&#121 &#116&#111 &#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 as a &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#109&#121 &#111&#112&#105&#110&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#105&#116 is still uncertain if the mushroom really appeared spontaneously, or whether it fruited on bark debris simply because the substance &#104&#97&#100 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115&#108&#121 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#109&#105&#120&#101&#100 with spawn derived from &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101&#100&#13&#10&#101&#108&#115&#101&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 any case, in 1976, the mushrooms were named Psilocybe stuntzii Guzman & Ott (slang name: "blue veil" or &#34&#115&#116&#117&#110&#116&#122&#101&#101&#115&#34&#44 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#53&#52&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 71). &#84&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#97&#110 be found growing on &#98&#97&#114&#107 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#110 &#108&#97&#119&#110&#115 in parks, on golf courses, football fields and gardens in numbers so &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#105&#116 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 the second most important species in terms of usage, after Psilocybe semilanceata.<br> &#73&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 important mushroom species (slang name: "red cap"), even though &#105&#116&#115 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybesubcubensis.php" title="Psilocybesubcubensis" alt="Psilocybesubcubensis" >Psilocybesubcubensis</a> &#105&#116 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#98&#101 slightly more poisonous than the Psilocybe species. Still, the mushroom is used &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101&#13&#10&#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121&#44 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#105&#116 &#98&#101&#103&#105&#110&#115 to fruit during the spring. The &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 other hand, do not appear until fall &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101 &#116&#111 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#105&#110&#116&#111 early winter, &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#101&#109&#112&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#115&#116&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#100&#114&#111&#112 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119&#13&#10&#102&#114&#101&#101&#122&#105&#110&#103&#44 which inhibits &#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101 The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. </p> <p>Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & ulinary mushroom bears no resemblance, either in size or form, to Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, however, these unfortunate cases have also contributed to our understanding of mushroom biochemistry. In this context, I want to emphasize once more that the hallucinogenic varieties among the Inocybes can easily be mistaken for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are extremely poisonous. As part of his investigation of the Psilocybe genus, Guzman noted a common trait among the hallucinogenic species, in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or taste. Apart from the inherent subjective nature of our sense of smell and taste, a common odor is a trait that definitely does not apply to the European species (also see Chapter 3.2). Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United States about people with expert knowledge of Psilocybe semilanceata - devoted mushroom hunters who can identify the species with drill and accuracy. At the same time, however, these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, nor are they able to differentiate the Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, even when these species grow on the same pasture. Such individuals, then, are not interested in species other than Psilocybe semilanceata. In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare combination of mycophilia and mycophobia. A mushroom's spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A spore print is left by the gills when the cap is placed on black or white paper (depending on spore color). As the process takes several hours, a glass vessel must be placed over the cap to prevent drying. While useful, information obtained from spore analyses has its limitations, For instance, spores derived from mushrooms belonging to different genera may have the same color, but reveal basic differences under the microscope. There is also a high degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way to prevent grave errors and potentially deadly intoxications is to rely on experienced experts for mushroom identification, a process that must include analysis of available ecological data. CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND METOL TESTING: REALITY VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.1 and 3.7, the bluing reaction is characteristic of species that produce psilocybin. Still, for unknown reasons, some species or samples belonging to a genus that usually turns blue may not always change color, regardless of psilocybin content. Among the species that I have examined, Psilocybe bohemica displayed the most impressive bluing reaction. The caps of this species stain very quickly in reaction to pressure. Other species, such as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. have stems that develop very intensely blue stains, while their caps do not exhibit the bluing reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe <div align="right"> e creek on wood chips <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/legal+magic+mushroom/maitake+mushroom.php" title="Mushroom Maitake Magic Mushroom Mushroom" alt="Mushroom Maitake Magic Mushroom Mushroom" >Mushroom Maitake Magic Mushroom Mushroom</a> &#111&#102&#13&#10&#67&#97&#114&#112&#105&#110&#117&#115&#44 &#65&#108&#110&#117&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#97&#108&#105&#120&#44 on &#114&#97&#119 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#116&#13&#10&#109&#105&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#80&#105&#99&#101&#97&#44 Pinus and Larix needles, as Sept. Oct. &#78&#111&#118&#46 &#68&#101&#99&#46 &#74&#97&#110&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#49 - Fruiting curve of Psilocybe cyanescens &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#111&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#101&#114&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#116 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 <H1>inocybe aerugin</H1> in the former &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#109&#97&#107&#101 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 different kinds of plant debris and &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#111&#110 &#119&#101&#116 cardboard, where they develop &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#114&#104&#105&#122&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#115 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 in &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#82&#104&#105&#122&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#97&#110&#100&#115 of mycelia that serve to transport nutrients and water. They also &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#13&#10&#98&#108&#117&#101 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#40&#115&#101&#101 Figure 22).<br> Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#100&#106&#97&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#13&#10&#40&#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 Krieglsteiner). Locations &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107 &#100&#111&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs growing on wet cardboard. Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at a natural location &#40&#85&#83&#65&#41&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#53 &#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 bohemica on twigs &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#101&#97&#118&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#69&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97 is &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#73&#116&#115 effects are vividly documented in the following account of one natural scientist's experience &#97&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#99&#108&#105&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108 trials in Prague: About 30 &#109&#103 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#105&#110 mushroom tissue was prepared in &#104&#111&#116 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#110&#111&#116&#105&#99&#101&#97&#98&#108&#101 ten minutes &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#13&#10&#103&#114&#101&#119 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121 quiet. At first, my &#108&#101&#103&#115 &#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#105&#110&#103&#108&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#110 my underarms as well. &#65&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97&#13&#10&#100&#101&#101&#112&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103 rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there were fits of laughter caused by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter also affected the two "sober" &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#104&#121&#112&#101&#114&#97&#99&#117&#105&#116&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#102&#101&#114&#101&#100 with the ability to listen &#116&#111 &#109&#117&#115&#105&#99&#44 &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#97&#116 Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs inside the brain.<br> I compared the pain to that caused by a "sawing &#107&#110&#105&#102&#101&#34&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#108&#111&#97&#116&#101&#100 and yellow.<br>.<br>.<br> Existing bodily characteristics, such &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#104&#97&#105&#114 &#115&#116&#105&#109&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#97 person's illusionary transformation &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#111&#110&#107 &#119&#105&#116&#104 tonsure. Their voices also &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#118&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100&#44 &#102&#114&#111&#109 a somewhat paranoid point of view, these gentlemen at &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#101&#109&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 working a switching station that, for some &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#97&#115 &#109&#121 &#101&#110&#101&#109&#121&#46 At the same time, I found both of &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 likeable. During this &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 female subject perceived fantastic images of &#109&#111&#118&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#97&#119 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cagoldcapshroomsturnblue.php" title="Cagoldcapshroomsturnblue" alt="Cagoldcapshroomsturnblue" >Cagoldcapshroomsturnblue</a> her whole life &#117&#110&#102&#111&#108&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#104&#105&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#100 &#101&#121&#101&#115&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 this period, &#73 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 that &#97&#110 &#101&#108&#101&#99&#116&#114&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#99&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#97&#115 flowing through my body, which was not an uncomfortable sensation. &#65&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#114&#101&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 the gentlemen retired &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#107&#105&#116&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#97&#110&#100 the nature of the experience changed quite drastically. At first I felt as &#105&#102 &#109&#121 &#108&#101&#103&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 increasingly merging &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 comfortable experience. In a state of utter clarity of consciousness, I finally &#102&#101&#108&#116 &#97&#115 &#105&#102 &#73 had no &#98&#111&#100&#121 &#97&#116 &#97&#108&#108&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#115&#97&#105&#100&#46 "The most &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 of a pure soul". &#85&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#111&#114&#100&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#114&#105&#103&#103&#101&#114&#115&#44&#13&#10&#119&#101 were able to induce shared &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#111 </div> In addition, many early users &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 may have first become aware of &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 by &#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 or the many news &#105&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 popular &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 late l960's and early l970's.<br> These news &#105&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#111&#116&#104 accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 varieties &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34&#46 &#70&#111&#114 example, in 1972, &#111&#110&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#110&#101&#119&#115&#112&#97&#112&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116 provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at &#97 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#104&#105&#103&#104 &#115&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108 in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban &#115&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108 &#97&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#104&#105&#103&#104 &#111&#110 mushrooms called &#39&#71&#111&#108&#100 &#84&#111&#112&#115&#46&#39 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#66&#114&#105&#115&#98&#97&#110&#101 River &#110&#101&#97&#114 &#84&#111&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#72&#105&#103&#104 &#83&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108&#44 and children in search of <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+cubensis/psilocybe+hispanica.php" title="Cubensis Psilocybe Hispanica Cubensis" alt="Cubensis Psilocybe Hispanica Cubensis" >Cubensis Psilocybe Hispanica Cubensis</a> `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, &#49&#57&#55&#50&#41&#46&#34 &#73&#116 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 print, &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#111&#114 hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 to find them if they so desired. &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#121&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users &#111&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#108&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#97&#121 have read &#111&#114 &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#111&#102 &#82&#46 Gordon Wasson's personal &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#104&#105&#115 &#97&#100&#118&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#114&#101&#109&#111&#110&#105&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101 of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, &#49&#57&#53&#55&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#106&#111&#117&#114&#110&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116 of Wasson's research &#101&#120&#112&#101&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#110 international edition &#111&#102 &#76&#105&#102&#101 &#77&#97&#103&#97&#122&#105&#110&#101 &#105&#110 the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46 <p align="left"> &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#46 &#66&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#114&#112&#116&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 his research &#112&#114&#111&#116&#111&#99&#111&#108&#115&#58&#13&#10&#74&#46&#72&#46 &#40&#97 &#50&#52&#45&#121&#101&#97&#114&#45&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#101&#41 ingested four cooked &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#116 &#110&#105&#103&#104&#116&#44 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 a meal (!), and then ate &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#114&#101&#101 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 30 &#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115&#13&#10&#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 by regurgitation, and &#52&#53&#13&#10&#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#104&#101 &#115&#116&#97&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 sweat profusely all &#111&#118&#101&#114&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#101&#97&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#111&#100&#121&#46 His pulse rate &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#99&#99&#101&#108&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#117&#116 slowed down later on. He laid &#100&#111&#119&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 which caused him to panic and &#116&#111&#13&#10&#114&#117&#110 &#97 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 about 1,200 ft. to consult the nearest &#100&#111&#99&#116&#111&#114&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 widely dilated pupils, &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#101&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours later, the abnormal state had largely subsided; by the next &#109&#111&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#119&#97&#115 &#110&#111&#13&#10&#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 of any other side effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) ate just one fresh &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#100 &#110&#111 effects at all. K .Y. (a &#51&#49&#45&#121&#101&#97&#114&#45&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#101&#41 &#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46 Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushrooms+in+Texas.php" title="In Mushrooms Texas" alt="In Mushrooms Texas" >In Mushrooms Texas</a> followed by sweating around the head and &#98&#111&#100&#121&#59 &#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#105&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#13&#10&#104&#97&#100 great difficulties handling a &#112&#101&#110 &#102&#111&#114 &#119&#114&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103&#44&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#111&#111&#100 was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, such as colorful &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#111&#111&#100&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#100&#111&#119&#110 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 sky. By &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#111&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#111&#102 these effects had &#100&#105&#115&#115&#105&#112&#97&#116&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 bitter, a taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 above experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced &#98&#121 &#97 &#115&#105&#109&#112&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#97&#115&#115&#117&#109&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow &#116&#114&#97&#99&#107&#46 &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 demonstrate that comparable &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#111&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#77&#117&#99&#104 &#119&#111&#114&#107 still remains to &#98&#101 &#100&#111&#110&#101 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 of phytochemistry and taxonomy &#98&#101&#102&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 about &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#74&#97&#112&#97&#110 can grow to become adequate.<br> The geographic distribution and ingredients of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#116 also be studied further. For &#105&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#110&#101 of &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#114&#101 growing on several Japanese islands today. CHAPTER 7.<br>6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT IN AFRICA So far, the mycoflora of the African continent &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#108&#121 peripherally and remains &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#108&#121 &#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini and Terence McKenna, working independently, found &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100&#110&#39&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#115 &#97 surprise &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#115 &#111&#102 human contact with mushrooms were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity. 10,000 Years Old From &#57&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#116&#111 </p> There are more <b>How To Identify Shrooms</b> than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 Four of these species are &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#40&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#41 &#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46 They include Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 (known locally &#97&#115 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#99&#97&#112&#115&#34 &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 tops"), &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#111&#115&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 cyanescens (the latter is known locally as "blue meanies"). These four species contain the <H1>Psilocybe semilanceata experience</H1> mind altering alkaloids psilocybine and psilocine and are the most common hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#46 &#73&#110 New Zealand, the most commonly used species are Copelandia cyanescens &#97&#110&#100 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#101 latter species is recognized throughout &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 "liberty cap"). This &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114&#115 &#105&#110 manured soil and does not grow directly &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#111&#102 cattle, sheep &#111&#114 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 farm <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushroom+guide.php" title="Magic Mushroom Guide" alt="Magic Mushroom Guide" >Magic Mushroom Guide</a> &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 most popular of these species, is well known throughout much of the world; however, this species is not known to occur in New &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/libertycapsshrooms.php" title="Libertycapsshrooms" alt="Libertycapsshrooms" >Libertycapsshrooms</a> in this guide are known to occur &#105&#110 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#44 &#105&#110 pastures, meadows, &#103&#114&#97&#122&#105&#110&#103 &#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#108&#97&#119&#110&#115 and in the bark &#109&#117&#108&#99&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#111&#111&#100&#99&#104&#105&#112&#115 &#111&#102 deciduous &#119&#111&#111&#100&#115&#46 The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in </p> <p><p align="right"> ecialize in the study of Psilocybes, despite &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#99&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 conspicuous species among the Psilocybes.<br> Also, mushroom lovers whose interests are not purely scientific (see &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 &#55&#46&#52&#41&#13&#10&#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#114&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 knowledge for posterity in the form of &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#109&#97&#112&#115&#46&#13&#10&#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 one &#109&#97&#112 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#49&#57&#56&#54&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#115&#104&#111&#119&#115 &#116&#104&#101 distribution &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 Germany (see &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#48&#44 &#112&#46&#13&#10&#50&#56&#41&#46&#13&#10&#65&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#110&#111 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been found in eastern Germany. During my &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#116&#114&#105&#112&#115&#44 &#73 &#104&#97&#118&#101 discovered Psilocybe semilanceata specimens &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 near my &#104&#111&#109&#101&#116&#111&#119&#110 &#111&#102 &#77&#97&#110&#115&#102&#101&#108&#100 &#105&#110 the Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of &#68&#117&#98&#101&#110 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110 other eastern &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110 &#109&#97&#114&#115&#104&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 friends who are also mycologists have told me about &#102&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 other parts of the country. &#65 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 1952 is among the rare sources that includes details about specimens discovered in the southeastern state of Saxony (see Figure 16, p. &#50&#51&#41&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#103&#114&#111&#119 most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded &#98&#121 &#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110 &#109&#121 experience, Psilocybe semilanceata grows &#105&#110 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 forestlands. &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 fall, &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#83&#101&#112&#116&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#46 &#73&#116 favors &#97&#99&#105&#100&#105&#99 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#114&#97&#105&#110 alongside &#116&#114&#97&#105&#108&#115 &#111&#114 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 edges of forest lands.<br> Specimens are &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112&#115 of 30 mushrooms or less. &#68&#101&#101&#114&#13&#10&#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#111&#114 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108 feces &#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 never grow directly &#111&#110 &#116&#111&#112 &#111&#102 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#46&#13&#10&#79&#99&#99&#97&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 extremely stunted specimens may be found &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#98&#121 the side of the road.<br> The soil below older cow pastures &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#117&#109 &#102&#111&#114 extensive mycelial growth.<br> In &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 yield &#97&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115&#44 mirroring the extent of &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108 &#115&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields can &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101 was grazed at least once during the weeks before &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms also thrive under similar conditions on horse and sheep &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 inside forests are <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magicmushroompickingtime.php" title="Magicmushroompickingtime" alt="Magicmushroompickingtime" >Magicmushroompickingtime</a> usually grazing areas for deer, who &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow &#105&#110 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#101&#114&#116&#105&#108&#105&#122&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#115 been used. &#83&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#102&#108&#97&#110&#107&#101&#100 by creeks or swamp lands, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#115&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 with water.<br> During the summertime, the warm climate in these wet areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial growth. In Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges from the &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 where the species has &#98&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#97&#116 &#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#111&#102 up &#116&#111 &#49&#44&#55&#50&#48 &#109 &#40&#53&#44&#49&#54&#48 ft) above sea level &#40&#77&#84&#66&#45&#56&#52&#52&#51&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#53&#41&#46 &#73&#110 &#116&#104&#101 former Czechoslovakia, samples have been collected at altitudes ranging from 330 to 1,000 m (1,000 &#45&#13&#10 </p> Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. <p align="left"> &#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 languished &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 obscurity. To this day, few 189.<br> Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 bell-shaped, with a pointy &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 almost &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 are wide, margins are bent and curved &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 of &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 No stripes &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/rhizomorphs+P+Cubensis.php" title="Rhizomorphs P Cubensis" alt="Rhizomorphs P Cubensis" >Rhizomorphs P Cubensis</a> veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 shiny when dry. Gills are &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 purple brown in color, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 white, gill spacing is quite &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 either roughly linear or mostly &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on.<br> Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 purple brown.<br> Stem &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 uniformly thin &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in color; areas subjected &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 which is brittle and lined &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 from &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 in &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 found &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 roadways, growing on dung that has &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 not &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This excellent description &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 Michael & &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 as originally published in German, with an English &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 Traditionally, &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists abound" &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 To &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 obtuse &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 initially, caps are &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 cap is 1.5-4 cm. &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 olive-brown when wet, with &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 center, coloration is &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 margins &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 darkcolored, watery stripe around &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 or &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are completely dried.<br> Lacking a &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 bald, with &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry.<br> Gills are olive brown &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 Color of spore dust is blackish &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 slender, almost &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 &#109&#109 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 whitish &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 to &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 are silky &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 like remnants of a veil, which is &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a white fibrous cord &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 is mild. The mushroom grows &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 frequently in gregarious &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 pastures and along roadways, growing &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 undergone complete decomposition. It is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 is shown here as originally published in German, with an English &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 there are no &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 pattern. &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 relatively &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 the literature, shrouded in obscurity.<br> To this day, &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 Worthless The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 forming an almost wart-like protrusion; &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 taller than they are wide, margins are &#98&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 later on, &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 with &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 the margins are banded by &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the edge. &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 evident when mushrooms &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 veil, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 with an &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 for &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 shiny when dry. Gills are &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 purple brown in color, with the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 adnexed; up to 3.5 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 the stem only, fully detached &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 to ellipitical in &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 and 1.<br>25-2 mm thick, yellowish &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 center, cortinate &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 a &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is colored pale yellow, &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 is ocher brown in color, especially towards the &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 and its &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 This excellent description &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 with &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 have been reported &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 obscurity. To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. Worthless The &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 to bell-shaped, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 than they are <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cubensis.php" title="Cubensis" alt="Cubensis" >Cubensis</a> wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 margins are &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 watery stripe around &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 or &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 caps are &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 easily separable pellicle &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 edges often remaining white, gill &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 gill attachment is either roughly linear &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 3.5 mm wide; &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 only, fully detached later on.<br> Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown.<br> Stem is very slender, almost &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 color; areas &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 a veil, which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom. &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 its flavor is mild. The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 to &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 clusters, and can be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 along &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 that &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 shown here &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 German, with &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112 </p> The Mazatec Indians, who have a long tradition of using the mushrooms, inhabit a range of mountains called the Sierra Mazateca in the northeastern corner of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. The shamans in this essay are all natives of the town of Huautla de Jimenez. Properly speaking they are Huautecans; but since the language they speak has been called Mazatec and they have been referred to in the previous anthropological literature as Mazatecs, I have retained that name, though strictly speaking, Mazatecs are the inhabitants of the village of Mazatlan in the same mountains. a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp ed and large numbers of studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought to discover the receptor binding sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis of psychedelic visions. Today, we still lack a sound theoretical framework able to explain the relationship between chemical compounds and the manifestation of their psychoactivity. Even though basic research is certainly important, its methods, unfortunately, are often a function of a rather one-sided pharmacological approach to investigating the effects of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow to address the remarkably unusual nature of these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and psychologists on the other can often be traced all the way back to the 1950's, creating a legacy of disputes and arguments that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental LSD protocols in an effort to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are reported or occur all of the time. His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific triggers causing a sequence of altered states of consciousness, which do not fit the syndrome labeled "toxic psychosis". Rather, it is the individual's personality, along with the experimental setting that significantly shape the nature of the psychedelic experience. This view is shared by a majority of experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, can often be controlled through psychological intervention techniques administered by trained professionals. A Plethora of Names The broad range of possible experiences inspired the use of labels other than "hallucinogens", with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, psychomimetics, psychodysleptica, psychoemetics and others. "Phantastica" (Lewin) is the oldest label ever used to describe this class of substances. This term successfully evokes dream-like, fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric emotional overtones. More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases of those who use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the 1960's has disparaged "psychedelics" as excessively glamorous and too positive a label, as the term was popular among Timothy Leary's fans and supporters. When used in low doses or for the first time, these substances are most likely to bring about a kind of magical transformation of surroundings, with a heightened ability to perceive subtle differences along the color spectru own cause of death and disease, bloated &#115&#116&#111&#109&#97&#99&#104&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#97&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#66&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as these &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#97&#121&#46 They &#112&#101&#114&#115&#105&#115&#116&#44 &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44&#44&#44 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 of speech, s u c h as the slick &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#110&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#101&#116&#97&#108 misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 Old World. &#77&#121&#99&#101&#110&#97&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#105&#118&#105&#108&#105&#122&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 mushroom trip &#45&#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 ambrosia &#111&#102 &#68&#105&#111&#110&#121&#115&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#80&#111&#114&#112&#104&#121&#114&#105&#117&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#116&#104 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#121 Latin poet &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 magic mushrooms were the children of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#111&#100&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#72&#79 &#87&#65&#83 &#84&#72&#69 &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#114&#117&#108&#121 divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 power resides in only &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#97&#115 "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of &#116&#104&#101 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 Middle &#65&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#13&#10&#109&#111&#100&#101&#114&#110 times. The New World: The &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 a number <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/wheredoesPsilocybeSemilanceatagrow.php" title="Wheredoespsilocybesemilanceatagrow" alt="Wheredoespsilocybesemilanceatagrow" >Wheredoespsilocybesemilanceatagrow</a> of small, &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 &#111&#114 "flesh of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 were &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#114&#115&#101 &#111&#102 rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 spooked the &#67&#97&#116&#104&#111&#108&#105&#99&#13&#10&#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#97&#114&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#113&#117&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#97&#108&#108 good things survive the tests &#111&#102 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#101 cult of magic mushroom eaters &#100&#105&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#101&#120&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#46 Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. &#86&#97&#108&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#111&#114&#100&#111&#110 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#101&#114&#111&#101&#115 of the modern &#110&#101&#111&#45&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#99 &#109&#111&#118&#101&#109&#101&#110&#116&#46&#13&#10&#66&#97&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 Old World: The &#114&#101&#118&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#103&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 use of psychoactive mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#111 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 that our native European "fool's &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#45 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#101 ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#102 Mexico, the &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46 The souls of magic mushrooms in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#115&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 made from the &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#58 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122 &#104&#97&#115 made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#106&#117&#100&#105&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#46 I am &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114&#39&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable &#111&#102 &#102&#97&#114 &#100&#101&#101&#112&#101&#114 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 insights than &#119&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#110 &#101&#118&#101&#114 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the usual &#105&#118&#111&#114&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#99&#97&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#115&#44 &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 reality </p> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="left"> <a href="/Gallery.html" class="doNotPrint">Articles</a><br /> <a href="/Archives.html" class="doNotPrint">Chat</a> </div> <br class="doNotDisplay doNotPrint" /> <div class="right"> copyright © 2006 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/driedshroomsgolden.php" title="Driedshroomsgolden" alt="Driedshroomsgolden" >Driedshroomsgolden</a><br /> design by <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shrooms+online/gymnopilus+purpuratus.php" title="Shrooms Online Gymnopilus Purpuratus" alt="Shrooms Online Gymnopilus Purpuratus" >Shrooms Online Gymnopilus Purpuratus</a> </div></div> </body>