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present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#101&#99&#104&#44 &#115 &#117 &#99 h as &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#108&#105&#99&#107 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#110&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#34&#13&#10&#66&#117&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 very &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 &#97&#115 well. Flesh of &#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean &#99&#105&#118&#105&#108&#105&#122&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#116&#114&#105&#112 -Mushrooms were an &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 of Dionysus. Porphyrius, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#116&#104 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#121 &#76&#97&#116&#105&#110 poet and contemporary of Emperor &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 were the children of the gods. WHO WAS &#84&#72&#69 &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 &#113&#117&#97&#115&#105&#45&#99&#97&#110&#110&#105&#98&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 ritual, &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#99&#116 &#111&#102 &#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine.<br> But not all mushrooms enable &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#116&#111 &#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 the realm of &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to be &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#97&#119&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 Devil throughout &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101 &#65&#103&#101&#115 and &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#13&#10&#109&#111&#100&#101&#114&#110 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 The Aztecs in Mexico referred to &#97 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods.<br>" <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/grow+magic+mushroom+rye.php" title="Grow Magic Mushroom Rye" alt="Grow Magic Mushroom Rye" >Grow Magic Mushroom Rye</a> These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course &#111&#102 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 contact the Gods in &#111&#114&#100&#101&#114 &#116&#111 &#108&#101&#97&#114&#110 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 the world and the realm of the divine.<br> These magic mushroom rituals <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/bad+shrooms/danger+of+shrooms.php" title="Bad Shrooms Danger Of Shrooms" alt="Bad Shrooms Danger Of Shrooms" >Bad Shrooms Danger Of Shrooms</a> thoroughly spooked the &#67&#97&#116&#104&#111&#108&#105&#99&#13&#10&#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#97&#114&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition.<br> Still, all good things &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 so the <H1>Moon children</H1> cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become &#101&#120&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#46 &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in &#114&#101&#99&#111&#114&#100&#101&#100 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121&#44 &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson &#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#101&#114&#111&#101&#115 &#111&#102 the modern neo-mycophilic movement.<br> Back &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 The &#114&#101&#118&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#103&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the use <H1>magic mushroom pictures</H1> of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#34&#102&#111&#111&#108&#39&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 - which were gene ; considered &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#45 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 be recognized as closely related to &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#102 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#44 the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122 &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#97&#110 extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology &#98&#121 &#101&#109&#98&#114&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 require nothing less &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#97 &#102&#101&#97&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#98&#114&#97&#118&#101 and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114&#39&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 the &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom is capable of far deeper &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#119&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#110 ever expect from the usual ivory &#116&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#99&#97&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#115&#44 &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 </p> <p align="center"> Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán &#38 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/northerncaliforniapsilocybemushrooms.php" title="Northerncaliforniapsilocybemushrooms" alt="Northerncaliforniapsilocybemushrooms" >Northerncaliforniapsilocybemushrooms</a> &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <H2>mexican gold mushroom</H2> &#101&#117&#99&#97&#108&#121&#112&#116&#97 <H3>cow shit shrooms pictures</H3> &#71&#117&#122&#109&#225&#110 & </p> &#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 so that these materials &#110&#101&#101&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this context. However, certain aspects concerning &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#117&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention &#105&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#110 purpose of this book is to inspire further study &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 research efforts &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography &#119&#105&#108&#108 &#104&#101&#108&#112&#13&#10&#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#120 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#109&#111&#116&#105&#102 &#101&#110&#116&#105&#116&#108&#101&#100 &#34&#84&#114&#105&#97&#108 and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It &#105&#115 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 native to the American continent &#107&#110&#101&#119 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#13&#10&#111&#114 &#65&#115&#105&#97&#46 Botanical evidence does not &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#114&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#70&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#109&#111&#114&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 number of &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 containing &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#13&#10&#102&#108&#111&#117&#114&#105&#115&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 European cultures learned &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#44 early cultural knowledge of &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 was &#108&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#114 &#100&#101&#115&#116&#114&#111&#121&#101&#100 &#97&#116 some time in history, &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#115 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#97&#115 several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for &#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#83&#105&#98&#101&#114&#105&#97 invited the conclusion &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#119&#97&#115 used &#97&#115 &#97&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#97&#103&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 medieval Europe as well. &#73&#110&#13&#10&#102&#97&#99&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97 &#115&#105&#109&#112&#108&#121 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 was the only known psychotropic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 time.<br> While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes &#104&#97&#115 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 hallucinations, European accounts &#111&#102&#13&#10&#102&#108&#121 &#97&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#100&#111 not generally <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Caerulipes+New+York/mushrooms+magic.php" title="Caerulipes New York Mushrooms Magic" alt="Caerulipes New York Mushrooms Magic" >Caerulipes New York Mushrooms Magic</a> &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/grow+your+own+shrooms/mushroom+shrooms.php" title="Grow Your Own Shrooms Mushroom Shrooms" alt="Grow Your Own Shrooms Mushroom Shrooms" >Grow Your Own Shrooms Mushroom Shrooms</a> the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#104&#97&#100 &#97 much more &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 known &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101&#13&#10&#117&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#101 somatic side effects. This hypothesis &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#114&#111&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#100&#97&#116&#97 from comprehensive field studies conducted in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99 accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn &#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#104&#111 &#103&#111&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 on our tax dollars.<br> I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall &#111&#102&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#66&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110 &#87&#97&#108&#108 &#97&#116 the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 researcher &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#69&#97&#115&#116 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#111 new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with &#110&#111 &#116&#114&#97&#99&#101 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#100&#111&#103&#109&#97 &#111&#114 ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#46 &#87&#104&#97&#116 &#73 &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#119&#97&#115 unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#104&#97&#100 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 in concentric circles outward from &#76&#101&#105&#112&#122&#105&#103&#44 &#106&#117&#109&#112&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#108&#108 &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115&#46 Finally, when the mycelia reached &#87&#101&#115&#116 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101 hated Berlin Wall crumbled.<br> Could there &#112&#111&#115&#115&#105&#98&#108&#121 &#98&#101 &#97 &#99&#111&#110&#110&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#63 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#97&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#104&#97&#118&#101 contributed to &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their &#111&#119&#110 &#106&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 <b>psychedelic mushrooms washington</b> who &#102&#117&#110&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#108&#101&#97&#115&#101 &#118&#97&#108&#118&#101&#115 in the &#109&#97&#99&#104&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101&#115&#46 It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this &#116&#97&#115&#107 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#98&#111&#111&#107 &#97&#115 a guide for the wondrous journey &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms.<br> Christian &#82&#100&#116&#115&#99&#104&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#53 &#45 &#34&#65&#110&#116&#104&#114&#111&#112&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#105&#99 Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old &#114&#111&#99&#107 &#100&#114&#97&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#84&#97&#115&#115&#105&#108&#105&#44 Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER &#49&#13&#10&#73 &#66&#69&#76&#73&#69&#86&#69 &#84&#72&#69 &#84&#73&#77&#69 HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS &#67&#72&#69&#77&#73&#83&#84&#82&#89&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#82&#46&#71&#46 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#82&#46 Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 in Mexican mushroom cults, &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#99&#117&#108&#109&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and &#115&#121&#110&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39 &#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 ingredients: psilocybin &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#46 &#83&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#83&#105&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 from other &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 increasing frequency.<br> As part of my analytical &#119&#111&#114&#107 &#100&#101&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of naturally occurring chemicals, &#73 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#111&#100 fortune to be part of &#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#116&#101&#97&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#101&#119 findings from the fields <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+kit.php" title="Kit Mushrooms Mushrooms" alt="Kit Mushrooms Mushrooms" >Kit Mushrooms Mushrooms</a> of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and &#104&#105&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#111&#114&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 provided detailed &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 history and study of the Me &#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#104&#111 &#103&#111&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin &#87&#97&#108&#108 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#114&#100 symposium of the European College &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Psilocybecubensis1.php" title="Psilocybecubensis1" alt="Psilocybecubensis1" >Psilocybecubensis1</a> encounter was my first &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114 from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#118&#101&#114 into new territory.<br> The magic mushrooms spoke &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#104&#105&#109 &#45 &#119&#105&#116&#104 no &#116&#114&#97&#99&#101 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#100&#111&#103&#109&#97 &#111&#114 &#105&#100&#101&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#45 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 tradition of true anarchy that is &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#109&#97&#114&#107 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#46 What I &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#119&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#97&#98&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115&#46 &#70&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin &#87&#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#99&#114&#117&#109&#98&#108&#101&#100&#46 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#112&#111&#115&#115&#105&#98&#108&#121 be &#97 &#99&#111&#110&#110&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 the magic mushroom and the evolution of <H2>things to do on shrooms</H2> our consciousness? Could a mushroom &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#112&#111&#112&#101&#115&#44 &#104&#97&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 own jesters and &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#111 &#102&#117&#110&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 release valves &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#99&#104&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 power struggles. It is &#111&#98&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#13&#10&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#121 &#119&#104&#111&#115&#101 chancellor is &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#101&#108&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#101&#103&#103&#115&#44 &#117&#114&#103&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 needs &#97 &#110&#101&#119 &#98&#114&#101&#101&#100 &#111&#102 magician &#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#97&#100&#106&#117&#115&#116 reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as &#97 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 wondrous &#106&#111&#117&#114&#110&#101&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 &#45 &#34&#65&#110&#116&#104&#114&#111&#112&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#105&#99 &#66&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#69&#110&#103&#97&#103&#101&#100 in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing &#105&#110 &#84&#97&#115&#115&#105&#108&#105&#44 &#83&#97&#104&#97&#114&#97 &#40&#65&#108&#103&#101&#114&#105&#97&#41&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS &#67&#72&#69&#77&#73&#83&#84&#82&#89&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#82&#46&#71&#46 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#82&#46 Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary <b>how to pick magic mushrooms</b> research program to study the Mexican species &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 in Mexican mushroom cults, &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#99&#117&#108&#109&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 a 1958 landmark &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 isolation, molecular structure and &#115&#121&#110&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39 &#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 increasing &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#121&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#109&#121 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 a variety of mushroom &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#78&#111&#119 &#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 the time has come for &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#101&#119 findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 to the history &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#101 More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. <p align="left"> JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#84&#105&#109&#101&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#104&#97&#108&#108&#101&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * &#76&#79&#83 &#65&#78&#71&#69&#76&#69&#83&#44 &#67&#65&#42&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, &#49&#57&#50&#55&#41&#13&#10&#84&#65&#66&#76&#69 &#79&#70 &#67&#79&#78&#84&#69&#78&#84 &#40&#87&#105&#116&#104 Active Links' Just Click On A Subject &#84&#111 &#71&#111 &#84&#111 &#84&#104&#101 Page) "Who &#87&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#70&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#77&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#63&#34 &#45 Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction &#57&#13&#10&#50&#46 &#82&#101&#102&#108&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3.<br> &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 Knowledge About European Species 14 3.<br>1 Psilocybe semilanceata: <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cream+of+mushroom+soup+recipe/magic+mushroom+hunting.php" title="Cream Of Mushroom Soup Recipe Magic Mushroom Hunting" alt="Cream Of Mushroom Soup Recipe Magic Mushroom Hunting" >Cream Of Mushroom Soup Recipe Magic Mushroom Hunting</a> The Classic Species &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#49&#54&#13&#10&#51&#46&#50 Psilocybe cyanescens: &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#71&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 37 3.4 Inocybe &#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#97&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#58 &#70&#97&#115&#116&#45&#83&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#78&#101&#119 &#65&#114&#114&#105&#118&#97&#108&#115 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.<br>6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.<br>7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known &#87&#111&#111&#100&#45&#73&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 <u>of of of</u> &#53&#56&#13&#10&#52&#46 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#97&#100&#108&#121 &#77&#105&#115&#116&#97&#107&#101&#115 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and &#77&#101&#116&#111&#108 &#84&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#58 &#82&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 &#118&#115&#46 &#87&#105&#115&#104&#102&#117&#108 &#84&#104&#105&#110&#107&#105&#110&#103 63 6.<br> Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#65&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.<br>2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.<br>3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.<br>4 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#67&#117&#115&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#67&#111&#110&#118&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.<br>6 &#73&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.<br>7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#80&#97&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#73&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#57&#56&#13&#10&#56&#46 &#83&#111&#109&#101 Comments on &#69&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. &#79&#117&#116&#108&#111&#111&#107 &#49&#49&#52&#13&#10&#49&#49&#46 &#66&#105&#98&#108&#105&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#49&#50&#48&#13&#10&#73&#110&#100&#101&#120 &#49&#50&#57&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure &#51 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114 painting &#111&#102 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#40&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 1927). Figure 4 - &#70&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#79&#82&#69&#87&#79&#82&#68&#13&#10&#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 knows precisely when &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#109&#101&#114&#103&#101&#100 from the &#115&#104&#97&#100&#111&#119&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#116&#111 &#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 the light of consciousness.<br> Nobody knows &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom was eaten by a human being.<br> Nobody knows just &#119&#104&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom eater &#119&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#115&#119&#101&#114&#115 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#107&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#101&#110&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#116&#111 want to attain a &#104&#105&#103&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#98&#101&#121&#111&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 boundaries of everyday reality. And &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#97 &#102&#111&#111&#108 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 attempt to do &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#121 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#100&#100 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds &#111&#102 &#99&#111&#119&#13&#10&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#72&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 have been &#102&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#104&#97&#116&#101&#100&#96 &#115&#105&#110&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#116&#105&#113&#117&#105&#116&#121&#58 magic mushrooms were thought to &#98&#101 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were &#97 &#107&#110 </p> <div align="left"> The question of dosage &#105&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/semilanceata+spores.php" title="Semilanceata Spores" alt="Semilanceata Spores" >Semilanceata Spores</a> &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 the variation in &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 mushroom species which is &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101&#100&#46 </div> e creek on wood chips of Carpinus, Alnus and Salix, on raw compost mixtures of Picea, Pinus and Larix needles, as Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Figure 21 - Fruiting curve of Psilocybe cyanescens based on observations at several locations in the former Czechoslovakia. The mycelia make use of different kinds of plant debris and even grow on wet cardboard, where they develop into rhizomorphs just like they would in nature. Rhizomorphs are thick strands of mycelia that serve to transport nutrients and water. They also develop intense blue stains (see Figure 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany and adjacent areas (according to Krieglsteiner). Locations are indicated by black dots. Figure 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs growing on wet cardboard. Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at a natural location (USA). Figure 25 - Psilocybe bohemica on twigs and leaves. Impressive Experiences Psilocybe bohemica is a very psychoactive species. Its effects are vividly documented in the following account of one natural scientist's experience as part of controlled clinical trials in Prague: About 30 mg of psilocybin in mushroom tissue was prepared in hot water, with effects already noticeable ten minutes after ingestion. I grew increasingly quiet. At first, my legs began to tingle, then my underarms as well. Aside from a deeper breathing rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there were fits of laughter caused by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter also affected the two "sober" guides. A growing hyperacuity interfered with the ability to listen to music, so that Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs inside the brain. I compared the pain to that caused by a "sawing knife". The experimenters appeared bloated and yellow... Existing bodily characteristics, such as thinning hair stimulated a person's illusionary transformation into a monk with tonsure. Their voices also appeared reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid point of view, these gentlemen at times seemed to be working a switching station that, for some reasons, was my enemy. At the same time, I found both of them to be quite likeable. During this time period, the other female subject perceived fantastic images of moving colors and saw visions of her whole life unfolding behind closed eyes. During this period, I had the distinct impression that an electrical current was flowing through my body, which was not an uncomfortable sensation. About three hours later, the gentlemen retired to the kitchen and the nature of the experience changed quite drastically. At first I felt as if my legs were increasingly merging into the wall, a very comfortable experience. In a state of utter clarity of consciousness, I finally felt as if I had no body at all. I said. "The most descriptive expression is the experience of a pure soul". Using words as triggers, we were able to induce shared experiences o Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. <p align="center"> &#77&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#102 of Australia's beef cattle can be found in &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102 Queensland &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#59 and the <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+arcana.php" title="Psilocybe Arcana" alt="Psilocybe Arcana" >Psilocybe Arcana</a> 20 &#116&#111 &#51&#48 &#105&#110&#99&#104 &#40&#53&#48&#48&#45&#55&#53&#48&#109&#109&#41 rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 mushrooms, especially after heavy &#114&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 that "Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108&#108&#121 by early settlers along with their livestock." This same &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#101&#114&#115&#97&#108 &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109 &#97&#108&#115&#111 probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110 or &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 ruminants. This includes Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 "haymaker's" &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 cattle are raised in all Australian states, as &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shrooms+what+r+they+hallucinogenic+mushrooms/indians+south+america+bloated+stomachs.php" title="Indians Chat Indians Chat Indians Chat R Chat Indians Chat They Chat South Chat They Chat What Chat Mushrooms Chat R" alt="Indians Chat Indians Chat Indians Chat R Chat Indians Chat They Chat South Chat They Chat What Chat Mushrooms Chat R" >Indians Chat Indians Chat Indians Chat R Chat Indians Chat They Chat South Chat They Chat What Chat Mushrooms Chat R</a> Australia from areas where they <H1>Mushrooms Mushrooms England In</H1> were collected.<br> In &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#78&#101&#119 Zealand, hereafter referred to &#97&#115 &#78&#90&#44 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#114&#101 the primary source for Copelandia &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#98&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#116&#121 cap" mushroom &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 in &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#111&#102 four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988).<br> The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 &#100&#111&#122&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 <H1>Zooms</H1> &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 mushrooms in Australia and NZ &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been used at one time or another for Mushrooms Mushrooms England In recreational purposes.<br> </p> <p align="left"> was followed by a &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#118&#105&#118&#105&#100 &#115&#101&#110&#115&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 the soul in flight, &#99&#111&#117&#112&#108&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#102&#101&#101&#108&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#111&#102 euphoria.When looking out the window into the dark night of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#101&#112&#108&#121 impressive and seemed to &#105&#109&#112&#97&#114&#116 &#97&#110 &#105&#110&#107&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 eternity. At the end of four &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#100 dissipated without dysphoria or any &#116&#121&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#111&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#105&#100&#101 effect. A control experiment for comparison purposes was performed using &#48&#46&#56 &#103 &#111&#102 &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <u>top things to do on shrooms</u> semilanceata.<br> The onset of symptoms was much &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#115&#117&#100&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#97 heavy flow of &#116&#101&#97&#114&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#111 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#119&#97&#115 an initial phase of &#97&#110&#120&#105&#101&#116&#121&#46 &#79&#110&#108&#121 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 <b>top things to do on shrooms</b> &#112&#104&#97&#115&#101 of the experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in the form of "underwater streamers", &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#101&#99&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 aesthetically enhanced nature of these visions.<br> The regular &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#111&#102&#46 &#105&#110&#118&#111&#108&#117&#110&#116&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/drug+testing+shrooms/liberty+caps+psilocybe+semilancea.php" title="Drug Testing Shrooms Liberty Caps Psilocybe Semilancea" alt="Drug Testing Shrooms Liberty Caps Psilocybe Semilancea" >Drug Testing Shrooms Liberty Caps Psilocybe Semilancea</a> &#105&#115 a good indicator for the large scope of expansion of Inocybe aeruginascens &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 1980s.<br> For example, &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 initial intoxications &#45 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 was still restricted to &#97 &#102&#101&#119 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#113&#117&#97&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 - the mushrooms had &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#80&#111&#116&#115&#100&#97&#109 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 location known in &#49&#57&#56&#50&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#109&#111&#118&#101&#100 on to several &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#118&#105&#99&#105&#110&#105&#116&#121&#44 where more than 150 mushrooms were found (see Figure 34). Symbiosis With &#84&#114&#101&#101&#115&#13&#10&#83&#116&#97&#114&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#77&#97&#121 &#49&#57&#56&#52&#44 fruiting bodies of the species could &#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 at countless new locations across the Brandenburg region of Germany. They tend to &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#110&#101&#97&#114 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#111&#111&#116&#115 &#111&#102 different deciduous trees &#40&#80&#111&#112&#117&#108&#117&#115&#44 &#84&#105&#108&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#81&#117&#101&#114&#99&#117&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#116&#117&#108&#97&#41&#44 &#111&#110 lawns in parks and gardens, at the edges of &#116&#114&#97&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#97&#118&#101&#100 margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#109&#97&#121 &#101&#118&#101&#110&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119 &#111&#110 bare, &#115&#97&#110&#100&#121 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#41 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 as amongst the greenery of &#114&#101&#115&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 suburbs &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#66&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#72&#101&#114&#101&#105&#110 &#108&#105&#101&#115 the most marked difference between &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#97&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 psychotropic mushroom &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#58&#13&#10&#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#97&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#111&#110&#108&#121 in areas of human development. &#84&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#112&#114&#105&#109&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 in the middle of villages and towns, where they &#103&#114&#111&#119&#13&#10&#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#108&#105&#107&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 Inocybe species. They may temporarily produce mass quantities of fruiting bodies, in &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#121&#112&#105&#99&#97&#108 habitats for &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 fairy ring mushroom.<br> So far, the most abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed in &#49&#57&#56&#55&#44 &#100&#117&#101 &#116&#111 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shiitake+mushroom/edible+mushroom.php" title="Shiitake Mushroom Edible Mushroom" alt="Shiitake Mushroom Edible Mushroom" >Shiitake Mushroom Edible Mushroom</a> &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#119&#101&#116&#13&#10&#119&#101&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114 conditions, which &#97&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#114&#105&#118&#101&#46 The following years were &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 &#102&#101&#119 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 re-emerged at &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#80&#111&#116&#115&#100&#97&#109&#46 Despite 1989 having been a bad &#121&#101&#97&#114 &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 &#105&#116 was the &#121&#101&#97&#114&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#110 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#97&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#119&#97&#115 found for the first &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#97&#116 &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 in and around Rostock, a city &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#69&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 German &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#102&#97&#109&#111&#117&#115 &#102&#111&#114 its wet climate. Finding &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 is &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#97&#13&#10&#109&#117 </p> and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. At about the same time, Saxo Grammaticus speculated that the Berserkers may have used mag More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have very little knowledge of their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who collect and ingest them. Some of these popular names are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 ( see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia as "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given to this species by members of a local, drugusing group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997). As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden tops" or "gold caps". The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are common terms applied to Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used by visiting surfers from both New Zealand and Australia, to describe the macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the locally based surfers in Australia and NZ. <p align="justify"> There are <H2>MAGIC MAGIC MUSHROOMS</H2> more &#116&#104&#97&#110 <b>only Psilocybe grows in cow dung, other mushrooms</b> &#49 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cow+shrooms/trip+shrooms.php" title="Cow Shrooms Trip Shrooms" alt="Cow Shrooms Trip Shrooms" >Cow Shrooms Trip Shrooms</a> &#100&#111&#122&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mariomushroomred.php" title="Mariomushroomred" alt="Mariomushroomred" >Mariomushroomred</a> of "magic mushrooms" &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 </p> More than &#104&#97&#108&#102 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#39&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#102 cattle can be found in the coastal areas of &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 Wales; and the 20 to 30 &#105&#110&#99&#104 &#40&#53&#48&#48&#45&#55&#53&#48&#109&#109&#41 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#116 of Queensland, &#78&#101&#119 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 especially after heavy rains.<br> It has been suggested &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#34&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 into Australia accidentally by early settlers along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#105&#115 same &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#101&#114&#115&#97&#108 &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109 &#97&#108&#115&#111 probably applies to &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata and &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#34&#104&#97&#121&#109&#97&#107&#101&#114&#39&#115&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 Panaeolina foenisecii. &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#114&#97&#105&#115&#101&#100 in all Australian states, as well as in the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#108&#111&#119&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 have been known to export &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#112&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 various areas in Australia from areas where they were <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+weilii/growing+kits.php" title="Psilocybe Weilii Growing Kits" alt="Psilocybe Weilii Growing Kits" >Psilocybe Weilii Growing Kits</a> collected. In the case of New &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#114&#101&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 as &#78&#90&#44 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 primary source &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#98&#117&#116 the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 soil of four-legged ruminants &#97&#110&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#102&#114&#111&#109 manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm.<br>, 1988). The identification &#115&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. <p align="center"> was followed by &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#118&#105&#118&#105&#100 &#115&#101&#110&#115&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of the soul in flight, coupled with feelings of euphoria.When looking out &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#105&#110&#100&#111&#119 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#97&#114&#107 &#110&#105&#103&#104&#116 of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations occurred, which were deeply &#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#101&#109&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#105&#109&#112&#97&#114&#116 an inkling of eternity.<br> At the end of four &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#100 dissipated without dysphoria &#111&#114 &#97&#110&#121 &#116&#121&#112&#101 &#111&#102 somatic side &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#111&#114 comparison purposes was &#112&#101&#114&#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#100 &#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#48&#46&#56 &#103 of dried Psilocybe semilanceata. The onset &#111&#102 <b>GOOGLE CULTIVATING MUSHROOM NZ</b> &#115&#121&#109&#112&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#99&#104 &#109&#111&#114&#101 sudden, &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#104&#101&#97&#118&#121 &#102&#108&#111&#119 of tears, so that there was &#97&#110 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#112&#104&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 anxiety. Only in a &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#112&#104&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109 &#111&#102 &#34&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#101&#97&#109&#101&#114&#115&#34&#44 and to appreciate the &#97&#101&#115&#116&#104&#101&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121&#13&#10&#101&#110&#104&#97&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 regular pattern of. involuntary intoxications is a &#103&#111&#111&#100 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#111&#114 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 large scope of expansion &#111&#102 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#97&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#111 new habitats &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#49&#57&#56&#48&#115&#46 &#70&#111&#114 example, at the time of the &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#45 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shrooms+growing+in+mulch/myspace+cyan+cyan.php" title="Shrooms Growing In Mulch Myspace Cyan Cyan" alt="Shrooms Growing In Mulch Myspace Cyan Cyan" >Shrooms Growing In Mulch Myspace Cyan Cyan</a> &#119&#104&#101&#110 the species was still &#114&#101&#115&#116&#114&#105&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97 &#102&#101&#119 easily quantifiable collections - the mushrooms had &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#80&#111&#116&#115&#100&#97&#109 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 location known in 1982, and from there moved on to several other &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#118&#105&#99&#105&#110&#105&#116&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#109&#111&#114&#101 than 150 mushrooms were found &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#51&#52&#41&#46&#13&#10&#83&#121&#109&#98&#105&#111&#115&#105&#115 &#87&#105&#116&#104 Trees Starting in late May &#49&#57&#56&#52&#44 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 species could be found in abundance at countless new &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#66&#114&#97&#110&#100&#101&#110&#98&#117&#114&#103&#13&#10&#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110 of Germany. They tend to grow near the roots of &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#99&#105&#100&#117&#111&#117&#115 &#116&#114&#101&#101&#115 &#40&#80&#111&#112&#117&#108&#117&#115&#44 Tilia, Quercus, Betula), on lawns &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#114&#107&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#103&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115&#44&#13&#10&#97&#116 the edges of &#116&#114&#97&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 paved margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where they may even grow on bare, sandy soil) as well as amongst the greenery of residential areas in the &#115&#117&#98&#117&#114&#98&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 Berlin. Herein lies the &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#114&#107&#101&#100 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 aeruginascens and other European psychotropic mushroom species: Inocybe aeruginascens grows &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 development.<br> Their prime locations are in the middle &#111&#102 &#118&#105&#108&#108&#97&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111&#119&#110&#115&#44 where they grow locally &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#108&#105&#107&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 species. They &#109&#97&#121&#13&#10&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#105&#108&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 &#109&#97&#115&#115 &#113&#117&#97&#110&#116&#105&#116&#105&#101&#115 of fruiting bodies, in those locations that are typical habitats for the edible varieties of the fairy ring &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#46&#13&#10&#83&#111 &#102&#97&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#56&#55&#44 &#100&#117&#101 &#116&#111 very wet weather conditions, which allowed &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#114&#105&#118&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101 following years were comparatively dry and the species hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 that a &#102&#101&#119 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#114&#101&#45&#101&#109&#101&#114&#103&#101&#100 &#97&#116 the classic location in Potsdam. Despite 1989 &#104&#97&#118&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#98&#101&#101&#110 &#97 &#98&#97&#100 &#121&#101&#97&#114 &#102&#111&#114 mushrooms, it &#119&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#121&#101&#97&#114&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#110 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 aeruginascens was found for the first &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#97&#116 &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 in &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#82&#111&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107&#44&#13&#10&#97 &#99&#105&#116&#121 located on the Eastern German coast, which is famous <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/street+name+for+magic+mushroom.php" title="Street Name For Magic Mushroom" alt="Street Name For Magic Mushroom" >Street Name For Magic Mushroom</a> for its <b>GOOGLE CULTIVATING MUSHROOM NZ</b> wet climate.<br> &#70&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 locations is evidence for a mu </p> , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in &#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 more prominent species. The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 Psilocybe species. Prior to the &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189.<br> Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 with &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 olive brown to blackish &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 at the stem only, fully detached later on.<br> Spores are &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 shape, smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 u by 6-8,u.<br> Color &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 blackish &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 slender, &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 pressure develop bluishgreen stains.<br> Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Psilocybepelliculosa.php" title="Psilocybepelliculosa" alt="Psilocybepelliculosa" >Psilocybepelliculosa</a> appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture.<br> When dry, the flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 colored &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 stem's flesh is ocher &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 towards &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 odorless and &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 found in &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 on &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe semilanceata &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 is shown here &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 German, with &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 comprehensive maps detailing the &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 with other, &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 discovery &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 margins; at the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 greenish-yellow against an overall shade &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 and oftentimes &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 banding evident when mushrooms &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 veil, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 with an easily separable pellicle that remains &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 attached at the stem only, fully detached &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.<br>25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom.<br> It is &#111&#100&#111&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 is &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 August to &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 and can be found in pastures &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#97 particularly rare &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 description of Psilocybe semilanceata by &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 shown here as &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 with an English translation. Mycologists &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 from the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 rhizomorphs P. Cubesis &#116&#104&#101 former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 tend to share their habitats &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 species. The sarcastic phrase &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. Worthless The cap is uniformly conic &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 pointy or obtuse &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 caps &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 they &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and curved inward; later on, width of &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when wet, with translucent striate &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall shade &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 watery stripe &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 stripes or banding evident &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 Lacking a &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 dry. Gills are olive &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown in color, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 white, gill spacing is quite &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 attached &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 fully detached later &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 ellipitical in &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 measuring 12-16 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 spore dust &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 appear &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 which is &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a white &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 dry, the flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 colored pale yellow, while the <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/findingmushroomsandpicturesnz.php" title="Findingmushroomsandpicturesnz" alt="Findingmushroomsandpicturesnz" >Findingmushroomsandpicturesnz</a> stem's flesh &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 clusters, &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 and along roadways, &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 excellent description of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been reported from the following &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 no comprehensive maps detailing &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 mycologists have &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 "The mushrooms &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 psilocybin, &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 the literature, shrouded in &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless The cap is uniformly &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 cm. &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 is ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are completely dried.<br> &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 with the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 spacing is quite &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 attached &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 fully detached later on. Spores are elongated &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 Color &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 with a white fibrous cord of &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 of the cap is colored pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom.<br> It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 to &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 clusters, and &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 and &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This excellent description &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 Michael & &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp <p align="justify"> ecialize in &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 the &#102&#97&#99&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 is &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115 species among the Psilocybes. Also, &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#108&#111&#118&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#114&#101 not purely scientific &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 &#55&#46&#52&#41&#13&#10&#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 shrooms scotland grow kit usually preserve their knowledge for posterity in the &#102&#111&#114&#109 &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#109&#97&#112&#115&#46&#13&#10&#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 there is one map from 1986, which shows the distribution &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is &#97&#118&#97&#105&#108&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#98&#101&#101&#110 found in eastern &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#121 &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 trips, &#73 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 specimens in various locations, such as near my hometown of Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#115&#104&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#111&#102 &#68&#117&#98&#101&#110 &#97&#115 well as in other eastern German marshland &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#102&#114&#105&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#119&#104&#111 are &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#101 about finding the mushrooms in other parts of &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#121&#46 &#65 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in 1952 is among the rare sources that includes &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 state of Saxony (see Figure 16, p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly on &#119&#101&#116 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#114&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 forest areas. In my &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#105&#110 most of Germany's forestlands. &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 fall, from &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#83&#101&#112&#116&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#46 &#73&#116 favors acidic soil &#97&#110&#100 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#105&#108&#115 or around the edges of forest lands. Specimens are &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112&#115 of 30 mushrooms or less. Deer droppings or other animal feces are &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 even though &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#110&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 on top of dung.<br> Occasionally, extremely stunted specimens may be found in the mountains &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#105&#100&#101 &#111&#102 the road. The soil below older cow pastures provides an excellent medium for <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/bad+shrooms/psilocybe+quebecensis/" title="Bad Shrooms Psilocybe Quebecensis" alt="Bad Shrooms Psilocybe Quebecensis" >Bad Shrooms Psilocybe Quebecensis</a> extensive &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 &#73&#110 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 areas yield an abundance of fruiting bodies, mirroring the extent of mycelial saturation &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#46 &#71&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#105&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44 maximum &#121&#105&#101&#108&#100&#115 &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100&#44 if the pasture was grazed at least once during the &#119&#101&#101&#107&#115&#13&#10&#98&#101&#102&#111&#114&#101 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 the mushrooms also thrive under similar &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#110 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#104&#101&#101&#112 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#46 Such grassy &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 grazing areas for deer, who provide the soil with additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow &#105&#110 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#101&#114&#116&#105&#108&#105&#122&#101&#114 has been used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks &#111&#114 &#115&#119&#97&#109&#112&#13&#10&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#115&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#116&#101 the soil with water. During the summertime, &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#114&#109 &#99&#108&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110 these wet areas provides &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#101&#110&#118&#105&#114&#111&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#111&#114 optimal mycelial growth. In &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#39&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101&#115 from &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115 regions, where the species &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#97&#116 &#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#111&#102 up to 1,720 &#109 &#40&#53&#44&#49&#54&#48 &#102&#116&#41 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#97 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#40&#77&#84&#66&#45&#56&#52&#52&#51&#44 1985).<br> In the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 collected at altitudes ranging from &#51&#51&#48 &#116&#111 &#49&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#109 (1,000 - </p> e creek on wood &#99&#104&#105&#112&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#67&#97&#114&#112&#105&#110&#117&#115&#44 &#65&#108&#110&#117&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Salix, on raw compost mixtures of Picea, Pinus and Larix needles, as Sept. Oct. &#78&#111&#118&#46 &#68&#101&#99&#46 &#74&#97&#110&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#49 &#45 Fruiting &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 on observations at several locations in the former Czechoslovakia. The mycelia make use of different kinds of &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#98&#114&#105&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#118&#101&#110 grow &#111&#110 &#119&#101&#116 &#99&#97&#114&#100&#98&#111&#97&#114&#100&#44&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#121 develop into rhizomorphs just like they would in nature. Rhizomorphs are thick strands of mycelia &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#101&#114&#118&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#112&#111&#114&#116&#13&#10&#110&#117&#116&#114&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115 and water. &#84&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#13&#10&#98&#108&#117&#101 stains (see Figure 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#110&#100 adjacent areas (according to Krieglsteiner). &#76&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107 dots. Figure &#50&#50&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#114&#104&#105&#122&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#115 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110&#13&#10&#119&#101&#116 cardboard. Figure 24 &#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#97&#116 a natural location (USA). Figure 25 &#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97 &#111&#110 twigs &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#101&#97&#118&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#69&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97 is a very psychoactive species.<br> Its effects are vividly documented in the following account of &#111&#110&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#39&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#97&#115 part of controlled clinical &#116&#114&#105&#97&#108&#115 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#80&#114&#97&#103&#117&#101&#58&#13&#10&#65&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#51&#48 &#109&#103 of psilocybin in mushroom tissue was prepared in hot water, with effects already noticeable ten &#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#13&#10&#103&#114&#101&#119 increasingly quiet. At first, my legs began to tingle, then my underarms as well. Aside from a deeper breathing rhythm, &#102&#101&#119 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#111&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 noted. Initially &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#102&#105&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#117&#103&#104&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter also affected the two "sober" guides.<br> A growing hyperacuity interfered with the ability to listen to music, so that Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs inside &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#114&#97&#105&#110&#46 &#73 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 pain &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 a "sawing knife". The experimenters appeared bloated and yellow... Existing &#98&#111&#100&#105&#108&#121 &#99&#104&#97&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#104&#97&#105&#114 stimulated a &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#39&#115 &#105&#108&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#111&#110&#107 &#119&#105&#116&#104 tonsure.<br> Their voices also appeared reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#118&#105&#101&#119&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 gentlemen at &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#101&#109&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#107&#105&#110&#103 a switching station that, for some reasons, was my enemy. At the &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#73 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#98&#111&#116&#104 of them to &#98&#101 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#97&#98&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 time period, the other female &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#13&#10&#112&#101&#114&#99&#101&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#105&#109&#97&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#111&#118&#105&#110&#103 colors and saw visions of her &#119&#104&#111&#108&#101 &#108&#105&#102&#101 &#117&#110&#102&#111&#108&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#104&#105&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#100 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/portabella+mushroom.php" title="Portabella Mushroom" alt="Portabella Mushroom" >Portabella Mushroom</a> &#101&#121&#101&#115&#46 During this period, &#73 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 an electrical current was flowing through my &#98&#111&#100&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#97&#115 &#110&#111&#116 an uncomfortable sensation. About three hours later, the &#103&#101&#110&#116&#108&#101&#109&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#116&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#107&#105&#116&#99&#104&#101&#110 and &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 changed quite drastically. At first I &#102&#101&#108&#116 &#97&#115 &#105&#102 &#109&#121 legs were &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#13&#10&#109&#101&#114&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#97 very comfortable experience. &#73&#110 &#97 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 &#117&#116&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#108&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121 of consciousness, I finally &#102&#101&#108&#116 &#97&#115 &#105&#102 &#73 had no body at all. I said. &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 is &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97 &#112&#117&#114&#101 soul".<br> Using words as triggers, we were able to induce shared experiences o </p> <h1 id="cross-browser">Nordic Pictures Nordic Pictures @ 3/16/2010 5:19:10 AM</h1> <p></p> <h1 id="stylesheets">mexican mexican gold</h1> <p><div align="left"> Existing evidence indicates that man &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#104&#114&#117&#98&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 hallucinogenic properties than has &#109&#97&#110 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 World. There &#105&#115 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110 &#116&#111 believe that the vegetation of one &#104&#97&#108&#102 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#108&#111&#98&#101 is &#112&#111&#111&#114&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#114&#105&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#110 species with hallucinogenic &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#102&#46 &#87&#104&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 should there be &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121&#63 &#72&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#110 in the Old World <H3>in in germany</H3> simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#98&#101&#101&#110 culturally less &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#110&#97&#114&#99&#111&#116&#105&#99&#115&#63 &#87&#101 have no real answer. &#66&#117&#116 &#119&#101 &#100&#111 &#107&#110&#111&#119 &#116&#104&#97&#116 the Old World &#104&#97&#115 &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 employed hallucinogenically than &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushroom/hallucinogenic+mushroom.php" title="Hallucinogenic Magic Hallucinogenic Mushroom" alt="Hallucinogenic Magic Hallucinogenic Mushroom" >Hallucinogenic Magic Hallucinogenic Mushroom</a> &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 compared with only 15 or 20 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115 today hold places of primacy throughout the world.<br> Cannabis, &#117&#110&#100&#111&#117&#98&#116&#101&#100&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients &#111&#102 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#101&#118&#97&#108 &#119&#105&#116&#99&#104&#101&#115&#39 &#98&#114&#101&#119&#115&#8212&#104&#101&#110&#98&#97&#110&#101&#44 nightshade, belladonna, &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#110&#100&#114&#97&#107&#101&#8212&#103&#114&#101&#97&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 philosophy, medicine, <b>things on do on on on</b> and even history for many years.<br> &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#105&#108&#121 vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures &#111&#102 &#110&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#101 role of &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 social development of many &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 World is only now being investigated.<br> At every turn, its exte </div> by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio <div align="justify"> &#13&#10&#74&#79&#67&#72&#69&#78 &#71&#65&#82&#84&#90&#13&#10&#77&#65&#71&#73&#67 &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#65&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the World A Scientific &#74&#111&#117&#114&#110&#101&#121 &#65&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#67&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#84&#105&#109&#101&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#80&#97&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' &#74&#117&#115&#116 &#67&#108&#105&#99&#107 &#79&#110 &#65 Subject To Go To &#84&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#103&#101&#41&#13&#10&#34&#87&#104&#111 &#87&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#70&#105&#114&#115&#116 Magician?" - &#70&#111&#114&#101&#119&#111&#114&#100 &#98&#121 &#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110 &#82&#97&#116&#115&#99&#104 7 1. Introduction 9 2. &#82&#101&#102&#108&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#72&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 and Scientific &#83&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#77&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 10 3. &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#58 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 Growing on Wood Debris &#50&#57&#13&#10&#51&#46&#51 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115&#58 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 and Myths &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: &#70&#97&#115&#116&#45&#83&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#78&#101&#119 &#65&#114&#114&#105&#118&#97&#108&#115 &#52&#52&#13&#10&#51&#46&#53 Gymnopilus &#112&#117&#114&#112&#117&#114&#97&#116&#117&#115&#58 &#77&#97&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 South America 51 3.6 &#67&#111&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#111&#112&#117&#115&#58 &#84&#105&#110&#121 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 of &#82&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#53&#53&#13&#10&#51&#46&#55 &#80&#108&#117&#116&#101&#117&#115 salicinus: A &#76&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101&#45&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#87&#111&#111&#100&#45&#73&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#53&#56&#13&#10&#52&#46 Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushroom+farming/michigan+mushroom.php" title="Mushroom Farming Michigan Mushroom" alt="Mushroom Farming Michigan Mushroom" >Mushroom Farming Michigan Mushroom</a> and the &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#97&#100&#108&#121 &#77&#105&#115&#116&#97&#107&#101&#115 61 5.<br> The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol &#84&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#58 &#82&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 &#118&#115&#46 &#87&#105&#115&#104&#102&#117&#108 &#84&#104&#105&#110&#107&#105&#110&#103 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#70&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#65&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 77 7.<br>1 &#83&#112&#111&#116&#108&#105&#103&#104&#116 &#111&#110 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in &#67&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts <i>are gold cap shrooms psilocybin cubensis</i> Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 &#73&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast &#65&#115&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#80&#97&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9.<br> Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. &#66&#105&#98&#108&#105&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#49&#50&#48&#13&#10&#73&#110&#100&#101&#120 &#49&#50&#57&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure &#51 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114 painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus &#40&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#49&#57&#50&#55&#41&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#52 &#45 &#70&#114&#101&#115&#104 Panaeolus subbalteatus &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#79&#82&#69&#87&#79&#82&#68&#13&#10&#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#115 &#112&#114&#101&#99&#105&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 the first &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#109&#101&#114&#103&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 shadows of prehistory to enter the light of &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46&#13&#10&#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 first magic mushroom was &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 &#98&#121 &#97 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 being. Nobody knows just &#119&#104&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom &#101&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#119&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#115&#119&#101&#114&#115 to these <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+quebecensis.php" title="PSILOCYBE QUEBECENSIS" alt="PSILOCYBE QUEBECENSIS" >PSILOCYBE QUEBECENSIS</a> questions, we can only speculate.<br> Mycophobes, however, are quick &#116&#111&#13&#10&#118&#111&#105&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain &#97 &#104&#105&#103&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#109&#112&#116&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#100&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 by ingesting &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#100&#100 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#115 that mysteriously thrive &#111&#110 &#100&#101&#99&#97&#121&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#104&#117&#109&#105&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#44&#13&#10&#114&#111&#116&#116&#101&#110 wood &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#111&#100&#111&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#111&#102 cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been &#102&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#104&#97&#116&#101&#100&#96 &#115&#105&#110&#99&#101 antiquity: &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#116&#111 be &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#100 dripped from serpents' fangs; they &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#117&#110&#99&#108&#101&#97&#110 emissions of evil &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#115&#59 &#109&#111&#114&#101&#111&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 a kn </div> <p align="center"> <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+mushrooms+you+find+in+cow+shit.php" title="Cow You Mushrooms Mushrooms Cow Psilocybe You" alt="Cow You Mushrooms Mushrooms Cow Psilocybe You" >Cow You Mushrooms Mushrooms Cow Psilocybe You</a> &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 Psilocybe cubensis <b>Magic Mushroom Grow Boxes</b> <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+mushrooms+you+find+in+cow+shit.php" title="Cow You Mushrooms Mushrooms Cow Psilocybe You" alt="Cow You Mushrooms Mushrooms Cow Psilocybe You" >Cow You Mushrooms Mushrooms Cow Psilocybe You</a> (when grown in vitro) require a &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 <H3>Fully Magic Fully Magic Mushroom Assembled Fully</H3> &#111&#102 </p> Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have very little knowledge of their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who collect and ingest them. Some of these popular names are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 ( see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia as "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given to this species by members of a local, drugusing group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997). As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden tops" or "gold caps". The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are common terms applied to Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used by visiting surfers from both New Zealand and Australia, to describe the macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the locally based surfers in Australia and NZ. Most users of the psychoactive visionary &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 knowledge of their &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#115&#116&#101&#97&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 have &#103&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#102&#97&#118&#111&#114&#105&#116&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 local epithets &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#117&#115&#101&#100 by those who collect and ingest them. Some &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115 are &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#100 by users outside &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90&#46 "Magic Mushrooms" is &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#116&#101&#114&#109 applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 &#40 &#115&#101&#101 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#108&#57&#53&#55&#41&#46 Psilocybe cubensis &#105&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 as "golden &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34&#44 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34 &#111&#114 sometimes "gold caps.<br>" The Australian <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psychedelicmushroomsgrowingonmulch.php" title="Psychedelicmushroomsgrowingonmulch" alt="Psychedelicmushroomsgrowingonmulch" >Psychedelicmushroomsgrowingonmulch</a> epithets may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#103&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#111 this species by members of &#97 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#44 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112 of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#121 users in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#65&#108&#108&#101&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#57&#55&#41&#46 As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is &#110&#111&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 as &#34&#98&#108&#117&#101 &#109&#101&#97&#110&#105&#101&#115&#34&#44 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114 to this species as "Blue &#76&#101&#103&#115&#34&#44 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100&#101&#110 &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34 &#111&#114 "gold caps".<br> The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#116&#101&#114&#109&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#111 Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 popular names have also been used by visiting &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#78&#101&#119 Zealand and &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#116&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101 &#116&#104&#101 macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#72&#97&#119&#97&#105&#105&#39&#115 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#83&#104&#111&#114&#101 have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 Australia and NZ. <p align="left"> CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL &#77&#69&#67&#72&#65&#78&#73&#83&#77 &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 FUNGI One may ask the question, "how &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 already there naturally. Other species such as the above &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 likelyappeared &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 cattle on the &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 farm animals. Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 importedfrom &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 west coast of America. It was during &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 the visionary mushrooms mentioned &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 first appeared &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 species". It is believed &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 Scotland, "it must beremembered that &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 who have studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101&#93 farmers in early times &#91&#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#93 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a mealto &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 still do] Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 after the introduction of &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 1800 cattle, most of &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape, Calcutta, &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 America. It was during this period &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 mushrooms mentioned in this &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 mycologist &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 belong to introduced &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 beetle which &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 "it must &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 change &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 "use of P. cubensis as &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 confirm the belief that some] farmers in early &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#93 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 one or two &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 &#116&#111 a mealto liven it up and still do] Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 the &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 endemic,that is, they were already &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of cattle &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 livestock to arrive in Australia were brought &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 animals. Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast of America. It was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow &#111&#114 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 to such habitats, must in thecase &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 to introduced species".<br> It is believed to &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 dung beetle which may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 spores.<br> According &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 can &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 times may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 two basidiomes gilled mushrooms to a mealto liven it &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 Margot & Watling, &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 DISPERSAL MECHANISM &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 ask the question, "how did these &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and New &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 included 2 bulls and 5 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 domesticated &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government owned approximately 1800 cattle, &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 America. It was &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 of the &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this field guide probably first &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 According &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced species".<br> &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually spread the spores. According &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 change substrate preferences and &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 droppings etc." &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/hallucinogenic+mushrooms+in+ohio.php" title="Hallucinogenic Mushrooms In Ohio" alt="Hallucinogenic Mushrooms In Ohio" >Hallucinogenic Mushrooms In Ohio</a> &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 P. cubensis as &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 confirm &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101 farmers in early times may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 basidiomes gilled mushrooms to a mealto liven it up &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 & Watling, 1981)." </p> </p> <p>ulinary mushroom bears no resemblance, either in size or form, to Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, however, these unfortunate cases have also contributed to our understanding of mushroom biochemistry. In this context, I want to emphasize once more that the hallucinogenic varieties among the Inocybes can easily be mistaken for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are extremely poisonous. As part of his investigation of the Psilocybe genus, Guzman noted a common trait among the hallucinogenic species, in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or taste. Apart from the inherent subjective nature of our sense of smell and taste, a common odor is a trait that definitely does not apply to the European species (also see Chapter 3.2). Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United States about people with expert knowledge of Psilocybe semilanceata - devoted mushroom hunters who can identify the species with drill and accuracy. At the same time, however, these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, nor are they able to differentiate the Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, even when these species grow on the same pasture. Such individuals, then, are not interested in species other than Psilocybe semilanceata. In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare combination of mycophilia and mycophobia. A mushroom's spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A spore print is left by the gills when the cap is placed on black or white paper (depending on spore color). As the process takes several hours, a glass vessel must be placed over the cap to prevent drying. While useful, information obtained from spore analyses has its limitations, For instance, spores derived from mushrooms belonging to different genera may have the same color, but reveal basic differences under the microscope. There is also a high degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way to prevent grave errors and potentially deadly intoxications is to rely on experienced experts for mushroom identification, a process that must include analysis of available ecological data. CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND METOL TESTING: REALITY VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.1 and 3.7, the bluing reaction is characteristic of species that produce psilocybin. Still, for unknown reasons, some species or samples belonging to a genus that usually turns blue may not always change color, regardless of psilocybin content. Among the species that I have examined, Psilocybe bohemica displayed the most impressive bluing reaction. The caps of this species stain very quickly in reaction to pressure. Other species, such as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. have stems that develop very intensely blue stains, while their caps do not exhibit the bluing reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native <p align="right"> &#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 &#65 POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 species may be endemic,that &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 there naturally. Other species such as &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 introduction of cattle on &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, along with other domesticated &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 and the &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 It was during &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 the spores.<br> According to Englishmycologist &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 substrate preferences and there are &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 Some mycologists who have studied the &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 some] farmers in early times may have] added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a mealto liven &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 do] Margot &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 question, "how &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 some species &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 they were already there naturally. Other species such as &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms most &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 cattle on the subcontinent.The first &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls &#97&#110&#100 &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 with other domesticated farm animals. &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 approximately 1800 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 was during this period &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 John Burton &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 cow &#111&#114 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 to such habitats, &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 Australia, all belong &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 is believed to have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 which may have actually spread the &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 Roy Watling &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 can change substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 "magicmushrooms" in Australia and &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 of &#80&#46 <H1>Cubes</H1> &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 recreational drugtends to confirm the belief &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#93 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 early times may have] added one &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 mushrooms] &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 it up and still do] Margot &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 ask the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 Well &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. Other species such &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 animals.<br> Byl803, the &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 Cubes &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 cattle, &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 the Cape, &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 coast of America.<br> &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shiitake+mushroom/edible+mushroom.php" title="Shiitake Mushroom Edible Mushroom" alt="Shiitake Mushroom Edible Mushroom" >Shiitake Mushroom Edible Mushroom</a> period thatsome of the visionary &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 in thecase of Australia, all &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered that &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use &#111&#102 &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 a recreational drugtends to confirm &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101 farmers in early times may have added one or two &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#91&#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 a mealto liven it up and still do &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 some species may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already there naturally. Other &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 cattle on the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 in1788, &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 and 5 cows, along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 animals.<br> &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 approximately 1800 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 were importedfrom &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the west coast of America. It was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Australian mycologist John &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 in cow or &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 habitats, must in thecase &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 to introduced species". It &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been the SouthAfrican &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 must beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 on kangaroo &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 who have studied the &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 the belief &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 early times may have added &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 gilled mushrooms &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 it up &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 & Watling, 1981)." </p> <div align="justify"> ecialize in the study of Psilocybes, despite the fact &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#115 the most common &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 the Psilocybes. Also, mushroom lovers whose interests &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111&#116 &#112&#117&#114&#101&#108&#121 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#40&#115&#101&#101 Chapter &#55&#46&#52&#41&#13&#10&#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#114&#118&#101 their knowledge for posterity in the form of distribution maps. However, &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#111&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#112 from &#49&#57&#56&#54&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#115&#104&#111&#119&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 pattern &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 (see Figure 20, p.<br> 28).<br> Almost &#110&#111 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 available about locations where &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#98&#101&#101&#110 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in eastern Germany. During my own field trips, I have discovered &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 such as &#110&#101&#97&#114 &#109&#121 &#104&#111&#109&#101&#116&#111&#119&#110 &#111&#102 Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of Duben as well as in other eastern German marshland areas. In addition, friends who are also mycologists have told me &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#102&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in other parts of the country. &#65 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 1952 is among &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 includes details about specimens discovered in the southeastern state &#111&#102&#13&#10&#83&#97&#120&#111&#110&#121 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#54&#44 p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly &#111&#110 &#119&#101&#116 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#114&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100 by forest areas. In my &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#105&#110 most of Germany's forestlands.<br> The species &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#44 from late September through October. It favors acidic soil and grassy terrain alongside trails or &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116 lands. Specimens &#97&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 groups &#111&#102 &#51&#48 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#114 less. &#68&#101&#101&#114&#13&#10&#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#111&#114 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108 feces are usually present at those locations, even though the mushrooms never grow directly on <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cartoon+shrooms.php" title="Cartoon Shrooms" alt="Cartoon Shrooms" >Cartoon Shrooms</a> &#116&#111&#112 &#111&#102 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#46&#13&#10&#79&#99&#99&#97&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 stunted specimens may be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115 by the side of the road.<br> The &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#111&#108&#100&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#119 pastures provides an excellent medium &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 &#73&#110 some &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/hillucination+mushrooms+on+cow+poop.php" title="Mushrooms On Cow Hillucination Cow" alt="Mushrooms On Cow Hillucination Cow" >Mushrooms On Cow Hillucination Cow</a> &#121&#105&#101&#108&#100 an abundance &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#109&#105&#114&#114&#111&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 extent of mycelial saturation in the soil. &#71&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#105&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#120&#105&#109&#117&#109 &#121&#105&#101&#108&#100&#115 can be &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#119&#97&#115 grazed at least once during the weeks before fruiting &#115&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#115&#111 thrive under similar conditions on horse &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#104&#101&#101&#112 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121 areas inside &#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#97&#122&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 for deer, &#119&#104&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#119&#105&#116&#104 additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where &#97&#114&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#101&#114&#116&#105&#108&#105&#122&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks or &#115&#119&#97&#109&#112&#13&#10&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#115&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 soil &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#109&#109&#101&#114&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 the warm climate in these wet areas provides &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#101&#110&#118&#105&#114&#111&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#111&#114 optimal mycelial growth. In Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 to mountainous regions, where &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 at altitudes of up to 1,720 m (5,160 &#102&#116&#41 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#97 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#40&#77&#84&#66&#45&#56&#52&#52&#51&#44 1985). In the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 collected at altitudes &#114&#97&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#51&#51&#48 &#116&#111 &#49&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#109 (1,000 - </div> by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio <p <b>shrooms how shrooms shrooms</b> align="justify"> &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#100&#101&#97&#116&#104 and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 present day. They persist, for &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44&#44&#44 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#101&#99&#104&#44 s u c h as the slick Austrian description <i>usa where usa usa in mushrooms magic the</i> of &#97 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#101&#116&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#115&#102&#105&#116 &#97&#115 someone "who ate &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#100&#110&#101&#115&#115&#45&#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#34&#13&#10&#66&#117&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 is another, &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 as well. Flesh of the Gods &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 World.<br> Mycenaean civilization began with &#97 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#116&#114&#105&#112 &#45&#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 were an &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 of Dionysus.<br> Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin &#112&#111&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 Konstantin, &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 the &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#111&#100&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#72&#79 &#87&#65&#83 THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A &#113&#117&#97&#115&#105&#45&#99&#97&#110&#110&#105&#98&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#99&#116 of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 magic power resides in &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 as "fool's mushrooms", which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 of small, &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 &#111&#114 "flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#114&#115&#101 &#111&#102 rituals &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#111&#102 &#97&#115 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#119&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 hounded by the Inquisition.<br> Still, all good &#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#115 &#111&#102 time, so the cult &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#100&#105&#100 &#110&#111&#116 become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#99&#111&#114&#100&#101&#100 history, in 1957, the fruit of the &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#45&#115&#117&#114&#102&#97&#99&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 The revelations and insights &#103&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 of psychoactive mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#111 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 that our &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#34&#102&#111&#111&#108&#39&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 - which were &#103&#101&#110&#101 &#59 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#108&#115 &#111&#102 magic mushrooms in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#115&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#109&#97&#100&#101 from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 to the field &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#98&#121 &#101&#109&#98&#114&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 magic mushrooms and the scientific study &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#97 &#102&#101&#97&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115&#44 brave and &#99&#111&#117&#114&#97&#103&#101&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#106&#117&#100&#105&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#100 mycophobia.<br> I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushroomidentification.php" title="Mushroomidentification" alt="Mushroomidentification" >Mushroomidentification</a> &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116 &#111&#102 the &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality </p> </p> <p>The majority of adverse physical effects or negative psychological reactions produced by "magic mushrooms" generally result from inappropriate set and expectation, or because of improper dosage, which may vary considerably among consumers, different mushroom species, or even within an individual species. The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. For example, Psilocybe cubensis, when picked and eaten from its natural dung (manure) habitat, produces a relatively mild mindaltering experience, which is evident from the large amounts of fresh specimens needed to achieve a threshold experience. However when grown in vitro (indoor laboratory cultivation and/or illicit cultivation), Psilocybe cubensis apparently can produce a more potent strain capable of inducing a very intense visual, sometimes quite disturbing, experience. This dosage assumes that the consumption of 1 to 3 gm of dried material would be too low if the mushroom specimen came from a wild source. This low potency for Psilocybe cubensis has been confirmed by research scientists Margot & Watling, (1981), who were surprised by the comparatively small amounts of psilocybin and psilocin which they extracted from wild specimens collected from five different locations in Australia. This suggests that a much larger dose would be required to produce significant hallucinations. It is possible that the chemicals most likely degenerated between the time that they were harvested and the time of analysis. However, it should be noted that a strain of Psilocybe cubensis producing different flushes (harvests) will vary somewhat in potency between flushes. <p align="right"> &#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 from the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern.<br> &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 pertinent &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. Worthless] The cap &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 taller than they are wide, margins are bent and &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 width of cap is &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 against an overall &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 stripes &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 brown to blackish purple &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 the edges &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 large, measuring &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 thick, yellowish &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushroomspores.php" title="Mushroomspores" alt="Mushroomspores" >Mushroomspores</a> center, cortinate &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 a veil, which is brittle and lined with &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow, while the stem's &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 color, especially towards &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 odorless and &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 mushroom grows &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 frequently in gregarious clusters, and &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 and &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 that &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 species. Figure &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps detailing &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 share their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity.<br> To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 almost wart-like &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the edge. No stripes &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 pressure &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 smooth and roughly &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 fibrils &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 which is brittle and lined with &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 towards &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 odorless and &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 pastures and along roadways, growing &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 undergone complete decomposition. It is not a &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 excellent description of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 & Schulz (1927) &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 originally published in German, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 spa have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern.<br> Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 Psilocybe semilanceata, &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 their habitats with other, more prominent species. &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 to the Psilocybe species. &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. Worthless The cap is uniformly &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 than they are wide, margins are bent and &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 width of cap &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 stains; only the margins are banded by &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the edge. No stripes or &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are completely dried.<br> &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are thin-fleshed, bald, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 turning shiny when &#100&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#71&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 to blackish purple brown in color, with &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 gill spacing is quite crowded; gill &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 linear or mostly adnexed; up to &#51&#46&#53 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 at &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 &#105&#115 very slender, almost &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 twisted, 6-12 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 thick, yellowish or whitish in color; &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 a veil, which is brittle and &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is colored pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 flesh is ocher brown &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 to October, frequently &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 can be found in pastures &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 dung that has undergone complete decomposition.<br> It is &#110&#111&#116 &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 by Michael &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 here as originally published in German, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 spa have been reported from the following &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 neglected relatively tiny &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 tend to share their habitats &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 species.<br> The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 Psilocybe species. Prior &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 in obscurity.<br> To &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata Fr. Worthless The cap is &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 with a &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 forming an almost &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 overall &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 and oftentimes some &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 a veil, caps &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 an &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 for a &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 when dry. Gills &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 blackish purple brown in color, with &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 spacing is quite crowded; gill &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 shape, smooth and large, &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 Color of spore &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown.<br> Stem is very slender, &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.<br>25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains.<br> Stems are silky &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 the center, &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 of &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 brittle &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 white fibrous cord of &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 of the &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 It is odorless and its flavor is &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 August to October, &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 and &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 and along roadways, growing on dung that &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 is not a &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp </p> Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in <div align="right"> and familiarity &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 that is most likely derived from usage &#111&#102&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 rather than experience with Amanita muscaria.<br> However, &#105&#116 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#105&#99&#117&#108&#116 &#116&#111 reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast &#111&#102 &#70&#97&#105&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#67&#101&#108&#101&#98&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, &#111&#110&#101 &#108&#101&#103&#101&#110&#100 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#115 &#97&#13&#10&#112&#101&#99&#117&#108&#105&#97&#114 poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#114&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#110&#97&#109&#101 &#111&#102 Bwyd Ellylon, which <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Panaeolus+subbalteatus+how+to+find/mushrooms+goldtop+cow+manure+australia.php" title="Panaeolus Subbalteatus How To Find Mushrooms Goldtop Cow Manure Australia" alt="Panaeolus Subbalteatus How To Find Mushrooms Goldtop Cow Manure Australia" >Panaeolus Subbalteatus How To Find Mushrooms Goldtop Cow Manure Australia</a> was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#97&#110&#116 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the &#87&#101&#108&#115&#104 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#121&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#73 would like to thank &#71&#46 &#83&#97&#109&#111&#114&#105&#110&#105 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the &#65&#108&#112&#105&#110&#101 &#118&#97&#108&#108&#101&#121&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#86&#97&#108&#99&#97&#109&#111&#110&#105&#99&#97&#44 &#86&#97&#108&#116&#114&#111&#109&#112&#105&#97 and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books &#99&#104&#114&#111&#110&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#119&#105&#116&#99&#104 &#98&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#105&#110 that &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#13&#10&#101&#109&#112&#104&#97&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#110 the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located &#97&#116 &#97&#110 &#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101 &#111&#102 2000 m &#40&#99&#97&#46&#13&#10&#54&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#102&#116&#41&#46 &#70&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101&#46 &#66&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#97&#115&#116&#44 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#44 &#105&#116 would seem likely that &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#97&#110 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#97&#110&#116 role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.<br>4).<br> In light &#111&#102 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#101&#118&#97&#108 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 practice of witchcraft, it &#105&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 a subjective sensation of flying &#111&#114 &#108&#101&#118&#105&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121 reported effects of psilocybin &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#66&#101&#114&#115&#101&#114&#107 &#82&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#78&#111&#114&#100&#105&#99 Warriors In the course of the ideological &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110&#105&#116&#121 &#97&#110&#100 the remnants of pagan religions that &#119&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#100 &#78&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/species.php" title="Species" alt="Species" >Species</a> &#109&#97&#110&#121&#13&#10&#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101&#115 &#111&#102 knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of &#112&#114&#101&#45&#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#117&#115&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#117&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#116&#114&#111&#121&#101&#100 the continuity of Europe's original cultural &#104&#101&#114&#105&#116&#97&#103&#101&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#109&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99 evidence &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#112&#114&#97&#99&#116&#105&#99&#101&#115&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#105&#110&#103 the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some &#97&#117&#116&#104&#111&#114&#115 &#119&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#111 &#102&#97&#114 &#97&#115 to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits &#111&#102 &#34&#98&#101&#114&#115&#101&#114&#107&#13&#10&#114&#97&#103&#101&#34 &#97&#116&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#104&#101&#110&#111&#109&#101&#110&#111&#110 &#97&#108&#108&#117&#100&#101 &#116&#111 a "deception of &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#121&#101&#115&#34 &#40&#105&#46&#101&#46 &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108 hallucinations).<br> After &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#78&#111&#114&#100&#105&#99 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#108 &#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109 &#98&#97&#110&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century.<br> At about the &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44&#13&#10&#83&#97&#120&#111 &#71&#114&#97&#109&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 that the Berserkers may have used mag </div> Dosages for Psilocybe <i>how to identify shrooms</i> australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta <b>Shrooms</b> <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/cream+of+mushroom+soup+recipe/magic+mushroom+hunting.php" title="Cream Of Mushroom Soup Recipe Magic Mushroom Hunting" alt="Cream Of Mushroom Soup Recipe Magic Mushroom Hunting" >Cream Of Mushroom Soup Recipe Magic Mushroom Hunting</a> Guzmán & &#101&#100&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 of studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators &#115&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#112&#116&#111&#114 binding sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#108&#121&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#101&#110&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 visions. Today, we still lack &#97 &#115&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#111&#114&#101&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#102&#114&#97&#109&#101&#119&#111&#114&#107 &#97&#98&#108&#101 to explain the relationship between &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#105&#102&#101&#115&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#69&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 research &#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#108&#121 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#97&#110&#116&#44 &#105&#116&#115 &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115&#44 unfortunately, are often a function &#111&#102 &#97 &#114&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#101&#45&#115&#105&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#112&#104&#97&#114&#109&#97&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#97&#99&#104 &#116&#111 investigating the effects &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#76&#83&#68 &#97&#110&#100 mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow &#116&#111 &#97&#100&#100&#114&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#117&#110&#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 nature of these substances and their effects.<br> Misunderstandings &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#112&#104&#97&#114&#109&#97&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#111&#110 the &#111&#110&#101 &#104&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#105&#97&#116&#114&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 psychologists on &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#98&#101 traced &#97&#108&#108 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#121 &#98&#97&#99&#107 to &#116&#104&#101 &#49&#57&#53&#48&#39&#115&#44&#13&#10&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 of &#100&#105&#115&#112&#117&#116&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#103&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 yet to be <H3>top things to do on shrooms</H3> resolved. S. Grof <b>Pluteus Salicinus, season, location</b> undertook the tedious task of analyzing &#53&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 &#76&#83&#68&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#116&#111&#99&#111&#108&#115 &#105&#110 &#97&#110 effort to &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101 &#34&#97&#98&#115&#111&#108&#117&#116&#101&#34&#13&#10&#115&#121&#109&#112&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#114&#101 reported or &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#97&#108&#108 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101&#46 His results were negative. According &#116&#111 &#71&#114&#111&#102&#44&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 triggers causing &#97 &#115&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 top things to do on shrooms &#111&#102 &#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 states of consciousness, which do not fit the &#115&#121&#110&#100&#114&#111&#109&#101&#13&#10&#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#101&#100 &#34&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#115&#105&#115&#34&#46 &#82&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 it is the individual's &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 &#115&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 that &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybin+mushroom+identification+uk.php" title="Psilocybin Mushroom Identification Psilocybin" alt="Psilocybin Mushroom Identification Psilocybin" >Psilocybin Mushroom Identification Psilocybin</a> &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 the psychedelic experience.<br> This view is shared by a majority of &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#105&#110 conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy.<br> &#69&#118&#101&#110 &#34&#114&#101&#97&#108&#34 &#115&#111&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#121&#109&#112&#116&#111&#109&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#104 as nausea or &#118&#111&#109&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#99&#97&#110 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#98&#101 controlled through psychological &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#118&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#101&#99&#104&#110&#105&#113&#117&#101&#115&#13&#10&#97&#100&#109&#105&#110&#105&#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#114&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 professionals. A Plethora of &#78&#97&#109&#101&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#97&#100 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#111&#102 possible &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#115 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 than "hallucinogens", with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#109&#105&#109&#101&#116&#105&#99&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#100&#121&#115&#108&#101&#112&#116&#105&#99&#97&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#101&#109&#101&#116&#105&#99&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#34&#80&#104&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#34 (Lewin) is the oldest Pluteus Salicinus, season, location label ever &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#108&#97&#115&#115 of substances. &#84&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#109 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#101&#118&#111&#107&#101&#115 &#100&#114&#101&#97&#109&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#44 &#102&#97&#110&#99&#105&#102&#117&#108&#13&#10&#97&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#115 of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric Pluteus Salicinus, season, location emotional &#111&#118&#101&#114&#116&#111&#110&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#77&#111&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#116&#101&#114&#109&#105&#110&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 says &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#97&#110&#116&#105&#99 &#98&#105&#97&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 those who use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the &#49&#57&#54&#48&#39&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#97&#103&#101&#100 &#34&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99&#115&#34 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#99&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 glamorous and too positive a label, &#97&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#101&#114&#109 &#119&#97&#115 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 among Timothy Leary's &#102&#97&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 low doses or for the first time, these &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 to bring about &#97 &#107&#105&#110&#100 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of surroundings, with a heightened ability to perceive subtle differences along the color spectru The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in </p> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="left"> <a href="/About.html" class="doNotPrint">Forum</a><br /> <a href="/Articles.html" class="doNotPrint">Archives</a> </div> <br class="doNotDisplay doNotPrint" /> <div class="right"> copyright © 2006 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/oregon+blue+mushroom.php" title="Oregon Mushroom Oregon" alt="Oregon Mushroom Oregon" >Oregon Mushroom Oregon</a><br /> design by <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/buy+magic+mushroom+spore/cartoon+mushroom.php" title="Buy Magic Mushroom Spore Cartoon Mushroom" alt="Buy Magic Mushroom Spore Cartoon Mushroom" >Buy Magic Mushroom Spore Cartoon Mushroom</a> </div></div> </body>