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border="5" src="/images/what-kind-of-mushrooms-grow-in-newfoundland.jpg" > as well. Below are some excerpts from his research protocols: J.H. (a 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at night, after a meal (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms 30 minutes later. This was followed by regurgitation, and 45 minutes later, he started to sweat profusely all over his head and body. His pulse rate and breathing were accelerated, but slowed down later on. He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, which caused him to panic and to run a distance of about 1,200 ft. to consult the nearest doctor. The physician noted widely dilated pupils, and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours later, the abnormal state had largely subsided; by the next morning, there was no evidence of any other side effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) ate just one fresh mushroom, which had no effects at all. K .Y. (a 31-year-old male) ate five mushrooms. Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, followed by sweating around the head and body; his extremities appeared to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, such as colorful lights flooding down from the sky. By the following morning, all of these effects had dissipated. The fresh fruiting bodies were bitter, a taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had been cooked in water. The above experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents. Much work still remains to be done in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before the body of knowledge about psychotropic mushroom species in Japan can grow to become adequate. The geographic distribution and ingredients of the Japanese Panaeolus species must also be studied further. For instance, Panaeolus subbalteatus is one of the species that are growing on several Japanese islands today. CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT IN AFRICA So far, the mycoflora of the African continent has been studied only peripherally and remains largely unknown. During the late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini and Terence McKenna, working independently, found evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really shouldn't come as a surprise that the oldest traces of human contact with mushrooms were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity. 10,000 Years Old From 9,000 to &#77&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#40&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#41 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 have been traditionally &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#108&#105&#103&#105&#111&#117&#115 <u>shrooms blue stains</u> <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/every+type+of+magic+mushroom.php" title="Every Type Of Magic Mushroom" alt="Every Type Of Magic Mushroom" >Every Type Of Magic Mushroom</a> &#104&#101&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 and &#99&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#101&#114&#101&#109&#111&#110&#105&#101&#115 &#98&#121 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity.<br> Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44&#44&#44 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit &#97&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#111&#110&#101 &#34&#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#100&#110&#101&#115&#115&#45&#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms." But, there &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 legacy as well.<br> Flesh of the &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#121&#99&#101&#110&#97&#101&#97&#110 civilization began &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#116&#114&#105&#112 -Mushrooms were an ingredient in &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 &#111&#102 &#68&#105&#111&#110&#121&#115&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#80&#111&#114&#112&#104&#121&#114&#105&#117&#115&#44 the fourth century Latin &#112&#111&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#111&#100&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#72&#79 WAS THE &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 &#113&#117&#97&#115&#105&#45&#99&#97&#110&#110&#105&#98&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101 act of eating <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/semilanceatafrance.php" title="Semilanceatafrance" alt="Semilanceatafrance" >Semilanceatafrance</a> the children of the gods &#117&#110&#108&#111&#99&#107&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101&#39&#115 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 the truly divine.<br> But not all mushrooms enable &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#116&#111 &#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 the realm of divine &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#105&#100&#101&#115 in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101 &#65&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to &#97 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 mushrooms were eaten during &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#114&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 intended &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#105&#110 &#111&#114&#100&#101&#114 to &#108&#101&#97&#114&#110 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 and the realm &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were &#104&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#113&#117&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 all good things survive the tests of time, &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 &#111&#102 magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101&#100 to flourish, &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#116&#105&#109&#101 in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson &#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#101&#114&#111&#101&#115 &#111&#102 the modern neo-mycophilic movement.<br> Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#111 magically wonderful, that our native &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#34&#102&#111&#111&#108&#39&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#45 which were gene ; considered &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#45 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#115&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103 less than a &#102&#101&#97&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#98&#114&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#117&#114&#97&#103&#101&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 free of &#112&#114&#101&#106&#117&#100&#105&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#46 &#73&#13&#10&#97&#109 convinced that &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114&#39&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than &#119&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#110 &#101&#118&#101&#114 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 day. They persist, for &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44&#44&#44 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#101&#99&#104&#44 s u &#99 &#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#108&#105&#99&#107 Austrian description &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#101&#116&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#115&#102&#105&#116 as &#115&#111&#109&#101&#111&#110&#101 &#34&#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#100&#110&#101&#115&#115&#45&#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms." But, there &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 World. Mycenaean civilization began &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#116&#114&#105&#112 -Mushrooms were an &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#99&#116 &#111&#102 eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101 &#65&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 well into modern &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 &#111&#114 &#34&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 of the Gods.<br>" &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 eaten during the course of rituals intended &#116&#111 <u>Cow Shrooms</u> &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#105&#110 order to &#108&#101&#97&#114&#110 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 of &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom rituals &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#116&#104&#111&#108&#105&#99&#13&#10&#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#97&#114&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#119&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#98&#121 the Inquisition. Still, &#97&#108&#108 &#103&#111&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 tests of time, so the cult &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#100&#105&#100 not become extinct.<br> Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to <H3>Cow Shrooms</H3> flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the &#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#45&#115&#117&#114&#102&#97&#99&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 draw &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#99 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 <i>Cow Shrooms</i> &#86&#97&#108&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#111&#114&#100&#111&#110 Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#103&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#34&#102&#111&#111&#108&#39&#115 mushrooms" - which were <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/gold+top+mushroom/psychedelic+myspace.php" title="Gold Top Mushroom Psychedelic Myspace" alt="Gold Top Mushroom Psychedelic Myspace" >Gold Top Mushroom Psychedelic Myspace</a> gene ; considered &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#45 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+shrooms+in+kansas.php" title="In Shrooms Shrooms In" alt="In Shrooms Shrooms In" >In Shrooms Shrooms In</a> souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#115&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#109&#97&#100&#101 from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122 &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 to the field of mycology &#98&#121 &#101&#109&#98&#114&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 and Cow Shrooms the scientific study and testing of these fungi.<br> The research efforts upon which this book is &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, &#102&#114&#101&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#106&#117&#100&#105&#99&#101 &#97&#110&#100 mycophobia. I am &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114&#39&#115 consciousness infused &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116 &#111&#102 the magic mushroom is capable of far &#100&#101&#101&#112&#101&#114 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 we can ever &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 ivory &#116&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#99&#97&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#115&#44 &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn was followed by a very vivid sensation of the soul in flight, coupled with feelings of euphoria.When looking out the window into the dark night of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations occurred, which were deeply impressive and seemed to impart an inkling of eternity. At the end of four hours, the effects had dissipated without dysphoria or any type of somatic side effect. A control experiment for comparison purposes was performed using 0.8 g of dried Psilocybe semilanceata. The onset of symptoms was much more sudden, including a heavy flow of tears, so that there was an initial phase of anxiety. Only in a later phase of the experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in the form of "underwater streamers", and to appreciate the aesthetically enhanced nature of these visions. The regular pattern of. involuntary intoxications is a good indicator for the large scope of expansion of Inocybe aeruginascens into new habitats during the 1980s. For example, at the time of the initial intoxications - when the species was still restricted to a few easily quantifiable collections - the mushrooms had spread from Potsdam to the location known in 1982, and from there moved on to several other locations in the vicinity, where more than 150 mushrooms were found (see Figure 34). Symbiosis With Trees Starting in late May 1984, fruiting bodies of the species could be found in abundance at countless new locations across the Brandenburg region of Germany. They tend to grow near the roots of different deciduous trees (Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Betula), on lawns in parks and gardens, at the edges of trails and in the paved margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where they may even grow on bare, sandy soil) as well as amongst the greenery of residential areas in the suburbs and communities in and around Berlin. Herein lies the most marked difference between Inocybe aeruginascens and other European psychotropic mushroom species: Inocybe aeruginascens grows only in areas of human development. Their prime locations are in the middle of villages and towns, where they grow locally much like other Inocybe species. They may temporarily produce mass quantities of fruiting bodies, in those locations that are typical habitats for the edible varieties of the fairy ring mushroom. So far, the most abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed in 1987, due to very wet weather conditions, which allowed the mushrooms to thrive. The following years were comparatively dry and the species hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 that a few mushrooms re-emerged at the classic location in Potsdam. Despite 1989 having been a bad year for mushrooms, it was the year when Inocybe aeruginascens was found for the first time at four locations in and around Rostock, a city located on the Eastern German coast, which is famous for its wet climate. Finding the mushrooms at these locations is evidence for a mu &#13&#10&#74&#79&#67&#72&#69&#78 &#71&#65&#82&#84&#90&#13&#10&#77&#65&#71&#73&#67 &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#65&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#13&#10&#65 Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The &#67&#97&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#104&#97&#108&#108&#101&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#82&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS &#65&#78&#71&#69&#76&#69&#83&#44 &#67&#65&#42&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49 &#45 Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mazateca.php" title="Mazateca" alt="Mazateca" >Mazateca</a> &#49&#57&#50&#55&#41&#13&#10&#84&#65&#66&#76&#69 &#79&#70 &#67&#79&#78&#84&#69&#78&#84 &#40&#87&#105&#116&#104 &#65&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#76&#105&#110&#107&#115&#39 Just Click On A &#83&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 &#84&#111 &#71&#111 &#84&#111 The &#80&#97&#103&#101&#41&#13&#10&#34&#87&#104&#111 &#87&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#70&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#77&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#63&#34 - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge &#65&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#49&#52&#13&#10&#51&#46&#49 Psilocybe semilanceata: &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#51&#55&#13&#10&#51&#46&#52 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#53&#49&#13&#10&#51&#46&#54 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms &#111&#102 &#82&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#53&#53&#13&#10&#51&#46&#55 Pluteus salicinus: <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shreveport+shrooms/magic+mushroom+picture+mushies.php" title="Shreveport Shrooms Magic Mushroom Picture Mushies" alt="Shreveport Shrooms Magic Mushroom Picture Mushies" >Shreveport Shrooms Magic Mushroom Picture Mushies</a> A Little-known &#87&#111&#111&#100&#45&#73&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#53&#56&#13&#10&#52&#46 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#73&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#58 Taxonomic Confusion and the &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#97&#100&#108&#121 &#77&#105&#115&#116&#97&#107&#101&#115 &#54&#49&#13&#10&#53&#46 &#84&#104&#101 Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#67&#117&#108&#116&#105&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#58 &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#70&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 and New &#84&#101&#99&#104&#110&#105&#113&#117&#101&#115 &#54&#54&#13&#10&#55&#46 &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#97 &#105&#110 &#67&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 South America &#56&#50&#13&#10&#55&#46&#51 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#39&#115 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97 &#65&#116&#116&#114&#97&#99&#116&#115 Attention &#56&#52&#13&#10&#55&#46&#52 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#67&#117&#115&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Conventions 87 7.<br>5 Japanese Experimentation &#57&#51&#13&#10&#55&#46&#54 &#73&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.<br>7 Usage in Southeast Asia and &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#80&#97&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#73&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#57&#56&#13&#10&#56&#46 Some Comments on Effects &#111&#102 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Category Phantastika 102 9. &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#97&#112&#121 &#49&#48&#56&#13&#10&#49&#48&#46 &#79&#117&#116&#108&#111&#111&#107 &#49&#49&#52&#13&#10&#49&#49&#46 Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color &#112&#97&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#79&#82&#69&#87&#79&#82&#68&#13&#10&#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#115 &#112&#114&#101&#99&#105&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 the first &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#109&#101&#114&#103&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 shadows of prehistory to enter the light &#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46&#13&#10&#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#110 the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 eater was. &#73&#110&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#115&#119&#101&#114&#115 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough &#116&#111 &#119&#97&#110&#116 &#116&#111 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#105&#110 a &#104&#105&#103&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#98&#101&#121&#111&#110&#100 the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to &#100&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#121 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#111&#100&#111&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#111&#102 cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#117&#110&#99&#108&#101&#97&#110 &#101&#109&#105&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 of evil &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#115&#59 &#109&#111&#114&#101&#111&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 a kn Eminems &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 Psilocybe cubensis (when grown <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/marijuana+myspace+contact+tables/Myspace+marijuana+images.php" title="Marijuana Myspace Contact Tables Myspace Marijuana Images" alt="Marijuana Myspace Contact Tables Myspace Marijuana Images" >Marijuana Myspace Contact Tables Myspace Marijuana Images</a> in vitro) require <u>Mushrooms Magic Spores</u> a &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of <div align="justify"> as well. Below are some excerpts from his &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#111&#99&#111&#108&#115&#58&#13&#10&#74&#46&#72&#46 &#40&#97 &#50&#52&#45&#121&#101&#97&#114&#45&#111&#108&#100 male) &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#13&#10&#99&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#116 night, after a meal (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms &#51&#48 &#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115&#13&#10&#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 by &#114&#101&#103&#117&#114&#103&#105&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#52&#53&#13&#10&#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 he started to sweat profusely &#97&#108&#108 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#101&#97&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#111&#100&#121&#46 His pulse rate and breathing were accelerated, but slowed &#100&#111&#119&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46 &#72&#101&#13&#10&#108&#97&#105&#100 &#100&#111&#119&#110 and experienced visual hallucinations, which caused him to panic and to run &#97 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 1,200 ft. to &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#108&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#110&#101&#97&#114&#101&#115&#116 &#100&#111&#99&#116&#111&#114&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 noted widely &#100&#105&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100&#13&#10&#112&#117&#112&#105&#108&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#101&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#110&#111&#114&#109&#97&#108 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 had largely subsided; by the next morning, there was no evidence of &#97&#110&#121 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#105&#100&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#77&#46&#75&#46 (a 22-year-old &#109&#97&#108&#101&#41 &#97&#116&#101 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#111&#110&#101&#13&#10&#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 mushroom, which had no effects at all. K .Y. (a 31-year-old male) ate <H3>gold gold mexican</H3> five mushrooms. <H3>gold gold mexican</H3> Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#115&#119&#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the head and body; his extremities appeared to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#102&#117&#108 &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#111&#111&#100&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#100&#111&#119&#110 from the sky. By <H2>gold gold mexican</H2> the following morning, all of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#100 &#100&#105&#115&#115&#105&#112&#97&#116&#101&#100&#46 The fresh fruiting bodies were bitter, a taste that disappeared <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magicmushroomssporesfrommexico.php" title="Magicmushroomssporesfrommexico" alt="Magicmushroomssporesfrommexico" >Magicmushroomssporesfrommexico</a> after the mushrooms had been cooked in &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#114&#101 rather amateurish, and the &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116&#115 &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#104&#101&#97&#118&#105&#108&#121 influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#112&#104&#97&#114&#109&#97&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#101&#100 along &#97 &#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#101&#44&#13&#10&#110&#97&#114&#114&#111&#119 &#116&#114&#97&#99&#107&#46 &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found &#111&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#77&#117&#99&#104 &#119&#111&#114&#107 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 to be done in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 psychotropic mushroom species in &#74&#97&#112&#97&#110 &#99&#97&#110 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 geographic distribution and ingredients of the Japanese Panaeolus &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#98&#101 studied further. For instance, Panaeolus &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#110&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 species that are growing &#111&#110 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 &#105&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 7.<br>6 INTOXICATIONS AND &#84&#72&#69 &#79&#76&#68&#69&#83&#84 &#75&#78&#79&#87&#78&#13&#10&#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77 &#67&#85&#76&#84 IN AFRICA So far, the &#109&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 has been &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#112&#104&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 largely unknown. &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#49&#57&#56&#48&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 mycologist G. &#83&#97&#109&#111&#114&#105&#110&#105 &#97&#110&#100 &#84&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#77&#99&#75&#101&#110&#110&#97&#44 &#119&#111&#114&#107&#105&#110&#103 independently, found evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other &#104&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#105&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100&#110&#39&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#115 a surprise that the oldest traces &#111&#102 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 mushrooms were found on the very &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 cradle of humanity. 10,000 &#89&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#79&#108&#100&#13&#10&#70&#114&#111&#109 &#57&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#116&#111 </div> <p align="right"> &#73&#116 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/information+on+shrooms/psilocybe+silvatica.php" title="Psilocybe Silvatica Silvatica Psilocybe Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Silvatica Silvatica Psilocybe Shrooms" >Psilocybe Silvatica Silvatica Psilocybe Shrooms</a> &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/rhizomorphs+P+Cubesis.php" title="Rhizomorphs P Cubesis" alt="Rhizomorphs P Cubesis" >Rhizomorphs P Cubesis</a> by &#97&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 the general public in Australia, as well as members of &#105&#116&#115 &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44 </p> <p align="left"> &#77&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#102 of Australia's beef cattle can &#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 <i>Gooms</i> &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 coastal areas of <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/CanIorderapsilocybinmushroomkitintx.php" title="Caniorderapsilocybinmushroomkitintx" alt="Caniorderapsilocybinmushroomkitintx" >Caniorderapsilocybinmushroomkitintx</a> <b>Gooms</b> Queensland </p> &#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 Netherlands, Belgium, &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 Spain. Unfortunately, &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 detailing &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 mycologists have often neglected relatively &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 obtuse center &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#114&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#59 initially, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 than they are wide, margins are bent &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 on, width of &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 the center, coloration is &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 an &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 pale yellow and oftentimes some &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 margins &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the edge. No &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 dry.<br> Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 &#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116&#108&#121 adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 fully &#100&#101&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 elongated to &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 cord of wool-like texture.<br> When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109&#39&#115 flesh &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 especially &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 is odorless and its flavor is mild.<br> The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 It is not a particularly rare species.<br> Figure 11(above) This excellent description of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 & Schulz (1927) is shown here &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 German, with an English translation. Mycologists spa have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#110&#101&#103&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 other, &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 reference to the Psilocybe species.<br> Prior to the &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity.<br> &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#93&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is uniformly &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a pointy or &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 are wide, margins are bent and curved &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 some greenish &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 <H1>fungimushroomusagefigure</H1> &#97&#114&#101 thin-fleshed, bald, with an &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 gelatinous-sticky for &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 the edges often remaining white, gill &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#103&#105&#108&#108 attachment is either roughly linear or mostly &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 mm wide; &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 smooth and large, measuring &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 of spore &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 long and 1.<br>25-2 &#109&#109 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 whitish in color; areas subjected &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 are silky smooth &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 cord &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 flesh of the cap is &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 the stem's &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 mushroom grows from August to October, &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 and can be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not &#97 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 11(above) This <b>fungimushroomusagefigure</b> excellent &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 by Michael & &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 as &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 with an English translation. Mycologists spa have been reported from the following &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 their habitats with other, &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#114&#99&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 "The mushrooms &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species.<br> &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata &#70&#114&#46 &#91&#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with &#97 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 a dirtyish olive-brown when &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 at the center, coloration &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 of &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 some greenish stains; only the margins are &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 watery stripe around the &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 banding evident when &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 when dry. Gills are olive &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown in color, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 white, gill &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#99&#114&#111&#119&#100&#101&#100&#59 gill &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring &#49&#50&#45&#49&#54 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 of spore dust is blackish &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 cortinate fibrils appear like remnants &#111&#102 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 is brittle &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 white fibrous &#99&#111&#114&#100 &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 odorless &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 mild. The mushroom &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 October, frequently in gregarious &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 growing on dung that &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 is not a particularly rare species. Figure &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+gold+tops.php" title="Mushrooms Gold Mushrooms Magic" alt="Mushrooms Gold Mushrooms Magic" >Mushrooms Gold Mushrooms Magic</a> &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 Finland, &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are &#110&#111 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 Psilocybe semilanceata, &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 their habitats &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The sarcastic phrase "The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 mycologists abound" is particularly &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 the Psilocybe species.<br> Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#97&#121&#44 few 189.<br> Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 conic to bell-shaped, with a &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and curved inward; later &#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#100&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#112 is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 smudgy pale &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#59 only the &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#98&#121 a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 evident &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 Lacking &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 thin-fleshed, bald, with &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 that remains &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, turning shiny when dry. Gills &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 purple brown in color, with the edges &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 is quite crowded; &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully &#100&#101&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 to ellipitical in &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u.<br> Color of spore dust &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 and always twisted, &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 thick, yellowish &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 odorless and its flavor &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 roadways, growing on dung that has undergone &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 a particularly rare &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 & Schulz (1927) is &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 published in German, with an &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112 Macroscopically, it is extremely difficult to distinguish from Psilocybe semilanceata. Unlike the latter species, however, Psilocybe pelliculosa will grow in forests on wood chips and sawdust. Beug and Bigwood were able to furnish analytical proof in support of the claim that Psilocybe pelliculosa is weaker in its psychotropic effects than comparable species. Psilocybe pelliculosa contains about 30-50% of the amount of psilocybin found in Psilocybe cyanescens (slang names: Blue wavy, Cyan, Grandote), a species common across the Pacific Northwest. It fruits primarily in parks, forming partial fairy rings. This species did not become popular among users until the mid-1970s. species still fruits most abundantly in the fall. A New Psychoactive Mushroom Mushroom Trips as a Popular Sport Several additional Psilocybe species have been found in the Pacific Northwest, even though the taxonomic classification of most of these species remains inadequate, despite the fact that monographs such as those by P. Stamets offer quite detailed descriptions of the psychotropic mycoflora. In the mid-1970s, Guzman and Ott reported a rather spectacular event concerning the spread of a "new" mushroom species. During the fall of 1972, large numbers of a strongly bluing gilled mushroom with a distinct ring pattern were found at the University of Washington in Seattle. The fruiting bodies were found growing on bark mulch, which came from a central distribution point and which had been spread widely across the campus by gardeners. Due to the bluing reaction, students at the university assumed that the mushroom contained psilocybin, a belief that was confirmed later on. The sudden appearance of massive numbers of fruiting bodies quickly inspired students at the university to use the mushrooms as a hallucinogen. In my opinion, it is still uncertain if the mushroom really appeared spontaneously, or whether it fruited on bark debris simply because the substance had previously been mixed with spawn derived from fruiting bodies that originated elsewhere. In any case, in 1976, the mushrooms were named Psilocybe stuntzii Guzman & Ott (slang name: "blue veil" or "stuntzees", (see Figures 54 and 71). Today, the species can be found growing on bark and on lawns in parks, on golf courses, football fields and gardens in numbers so large that it is considered the second most important species in terms of usage, after Psilocybe semilanceata. In addition, Panaeolus subbalteatus is another regionally important mushroom species (slang name: "red cap"), even though its users believe it to be slightly more poisonous than the Psilocybe species. Still, the mushroom is used quite frequently, because it begins to fruit during the spring. The Psilocybe species, on the other hand, do not appear until fall and continue to grow into early winter, when temperatures consistently drop below freezing, which inhibits further fruiting of the spe <div align="left"> &#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#111 that these materials magicmushroomshop need &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this context. However, certain aspects &#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#117&#115&#101&#115 of these mushrooms as well as their &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#119&#105&#108&#108 receive more detailed attention &#105&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#110 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101 of this book is to inspire further study of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 and medical applications &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 extensive &#98&#105&#98&#108&#105&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#119&#105&#108&#108 &#104&#101&#108&#112&#13&#10&#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 interested mycophiles to further <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+to+grow+philocybe+azurescens+mushrooms.php" title="How To Grow Philocybe Azurescens Mushrooms" alt="How To Grow Philocybe Azurescens Mushrooms" >How To Grow Philocybe Azurescens Mushrooms</a> immerse &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#120 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#13&#10&#111&#102 study. Jochen &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#54 &#45 &#66&#114&#111&#110&#122&#101 doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" &#97&#116 &#72&#105&#108&#100&#101&#115&#104&#101&#105&#109 &#67&#97&#116&#104&#101&#100&#114&#97&#108&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 (ca. 1020).<br> CHAPTER &#50&#13&#10&#82&#69&#70&#76&#69&#67&#84&#73&#79&#78&#83 &#79&#78 &#84&#72&#69 &#72&#73&#83&#84&#79&#82&#89&#13&#10&#65&#78&#68 &#83&#67&#73&#69&#78&#84&#73&#70&#73&#67 STUDY OF MAGIC &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 cultures native to the American continent knew &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 of natural &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 cultures that &#101&#118&#111&#108&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#13&#10&#111&#114 &#65&#115&#105&#97&#46 Botanical evidence does not &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#114&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#115 &#104&#111&#109&#101 &#116&#111 fewer &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time &#105&#110&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#115 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#97&#115 several hundred &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115&#13&#10&#97&#103&#111&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#102&#111&#114 &#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 in Siberia &#105&#110&#118&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 mushroom was used as &#97&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#97&#103&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#101&#118&#97&#108 Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97 &#115&#105&#109&#112&#108&#121 because <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/picking+shrooms+in+hawaii.php" title="In Shrooms In Hawaii" alt="In Shrooms In Hawaii" >In Shrooms In Hawaii</a> this was &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 in Europe &#97&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 potent hallucinogenic effects of &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 species are likely to have had a much more &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#111&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#105&#100&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#105&#115 hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 historic &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 - indicate a knowledge of </div> <p align="center"> n the &#85&#46&#83&#46&#41&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#97&#112&#101&#117&#116&#105&#99 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#115&#115&#59 they may even be &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#108&#101 <H2>vision while on mushrooms</H2> &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#102&#117&#116&#117&#114&#101 progress. Under &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#111 &#109&#117&#115&#105&#99 also significantly deepened the intensity of the experience. &#73&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 kinds of specific experiences may also account for &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 terminal patients with LSD to ease their &#102&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#99&#101 of death &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#100&#117&#99&#101&#13&#10&#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 most severe forms of &#112&#97&#105&#110&#46 &#73&#110 &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#99&#97&#115&#101&#115&#44 symptoms disappeared &#101&#110&#116&#105&#114&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#13&#10&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#112&#97&#105&#110 and anxiety that continued even after the drug's acute &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#100 &#119&#111&#114&#110 &#111&#102&#102&#46 A book by S. Grof provides a compassionate analysis of such successful treatments, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#115&#101&#114&#118&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#115&#99&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 fact that systematic efforts to investigate &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#97&#112&#101&#117&#116&#105&#99 &#98&#101&#110&#101&#102&#105&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 only just begun. So far, &#76&#83&#68 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 substance in terms of easing the suffering of terminally &#105&#108&#108 &#112&#97&#116&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115&#44 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 as &#100&#105&#112&#114&#111&#112&#121&#108&#116&#114&#121&#112&#116&#97&#109&#105&#110&#101&#13&#10&#40&#68&#80&#84&#41&#44 &#97 &#115&#121&#110&#116&#104&#101&#116&#105&#99 &#100&#114&#117&#103 structurally similar to psilocybin &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115 &#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#111&#110&#108&#121 when administered by injection. Below, a young woman from &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#103&#105&#118&#101&#115 &#97 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 of her second mushroom experience. &#72&#101&#114 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 had already introduced her &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#109&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#109&#121&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 experiences.<br> For her &#115&#101&#99&#111&#110&#100 &#106&#111&#117&#114&#110&#101&#121&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#50&#48 Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#97 group ritual &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#99&#104&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#99&#101&#110&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#102&#101&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 her account is that the presence of an experienced guide was needed to realize the full <b>vision while on mushrooms</b> potential of this visionary quest. "1 sat down next &#116&#111 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#105&#112&#97&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 connect with others in preparation for my journey.<br> &#87&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#101&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#97&#116 the fresh mushrooms. The room grew quiet and lovely music began to play. &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39&#115 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#111&#110 much faster than they did during &#109&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#46 &#84&#119&#105&#99&#101 &#73 tried to establish closer contact with &#109&#121 &#102&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#105&#112&#97&#110&#116&#44 &#98&#117&#116 he was very nervous, and no &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#115&#117&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#109&#101&#46 I was seeking &#109&#121 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#110&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#98&#117&#116 did not find that person among the present &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112&#46 &#73&#13&#10&#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#97 &#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#105&#110 a long, white &#114&#111&#98&#101&#44 &#119&#97&#110&#100&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#105&#109&#108&#101&#115&#115&#108&#121 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 columns (Greece?), &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108&#13&#10&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103&#46&#13&#10&#77&#121 &#103&#97&#122&#101 &#108&#105&#110&#103&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#114&#105&#101&#102&#108&#121 on the wall next to the door and I &#115&#97&#119 &#102&#97&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 appear and vanish, but they &#100&#105&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#104&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#121 interest.<br> It was &#104&#111&#112&#101&#108&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#73 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101&#100 &#109&#121 &#97&#105&#109&#108&#101&#115&#115 roaming, and I was on the &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#101&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#73 wanted to leave - &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 &#108&#101&#97&#118&#101&#46 &#83&#117&#100&#100&#101&#110&#108&#121&#44 &#73 found &#109&#121&#115&#101&#108&#102&#13&#10&#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 guides, who wanted to help me. I stared off into &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 be free &#111&#102&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#101&#44 &#98&#117&#116 unable &#116&#111 &#100&#111 &#115&#111&#46 &#70&#111&#114 a long time, &#73 &#102&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#110&#101&#99&#116 with the guide; our two worlds were just too different. Suddenly <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/which+mushrooms+grow+on+cow+dung.php" title="Grow Dung Mushrooms Which On Cow" alt="Grow Dung Mushrooms Which On Cow" >Grow Dung Mushrooms Which On Cow</a> I sensed that he wasn't able to look at me &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#112&#97&#116&#104&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 to &#114&#101&#97&#99&#104 &#109&#101 &#114&#117&#110&#115 &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 my eyes, because only they are truly alive. I &#97&#115&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#104&#105&#109 &#116&#111 &#104&#101&#108&#112 &#109&#101 on my way and &#105&#110&#118&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#104&#105&#109 &#116&#111 &#108&#111&#111&#107&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#111 my eyes. I &#102&#101&#108&#116 &#97&#115 &#105&#102 &#97&#108&#108 life &#101&#110&#101&#114&#103&#121 &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#100&#114&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#109&#121 bo </p> The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. <div align="justify"> &#77&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#102 of Australia's Caps beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#50&#48 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#86&#105&#99&#116&#111&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 provide adequate climatic &#101&#110&#118&#105&#114&#111&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 of psilocybian &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#104&#101&#97&#118&#121 rains. It has been suggested Caps that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#98&#121 early &#115&#101&#116&#116&#108&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 livestock.<br>" This &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#101&#114&#115&#97&#108 &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109 also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+side+effects/cow+dung+shrooms.php" title="Cow Shrooms Cow Psilocybe Effects Psilocybe" alt="Cow Shrooms Cow Psilocybe Effects Psilocybe" >Cow Shrooms Cow Psilocybe Effects Psilocybe</a> species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#110&#100 the non-hallucinogenic &#34&#104&#97&#121&#109&#97&#107&#101&#114&#39&#115&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 While cattle are &#114&#97&#105&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#108&#108 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 states, as well as &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#108&#111&#119&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 recreational users have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#101&#120&#112&#111&#114&#116 these psychoptic species to various areas in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 they were collected.<br> In &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#78&#101&#119 Zealand, hereafter referred &#116&#111 &#97&#115 &#78&#90&#44 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 are the primary source &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#98&#117&#116 the <b>Caps</b> "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 manured soil of four-legged ruminants <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybe+samuiensis/3d+shrooms.php" title="Psilocybe Contact Psilocybe Contact Psilocybe Contact 3D" alt="Psilocybe Contact Psilocybe Contact Psilocybe Contact 3D" >Psilocybe Contact Psilocybe Contact Psilocybe Contact 3D</a> and &#110&#111&#116 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101 (Jansen, &#80&#101&#114&#115&#46 &#67&#111&#109&#109&#46&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#56&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#101 identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 &#100&#111&#122&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another &#102&#111&#114 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#115&#46 </div> <p align="right"> as well. Below are some &#101&#120&#99&#101&#114&#112&#116&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#104&#105&#115 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 protocols: J.<br>H.<br> (a 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at night, after a &#109&#101&#97&#108 &#40&#33&#41&#44 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#110 &#97&#116&#101 another &#116&#104&#114&#101&#101 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#51&#48 minutes later. This &#119&#97&#115 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#114&#101&#103&#117&#114&#103&#105&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 and 45 minutes later, he started to sweat profusely all over his head and &#98&#111&#100&#121&#46 &#72&#105&#115 &#112&#117&#108&#115&#101 &#114&#97&#116&#101 and breathing were accelerated, &#98&#117&#116 &#115&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 &#100&#111&#119&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#46 He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#104&#105&#109 &#116&#111 panic and to run a &#100&#105&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#49&#44&#50&#48&#48 &#102&#116&#46 to consult the nearest doctor.<br> The physician noted widely dilated pupils, and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives.<br> Three &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#110&#111&#114&#109&#97&#108 state had &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#115&#105&#100&#101&#100&#59 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#101&#120&#116 morning, there was no evidence of &#97&#110&#121 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#105&#100&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#77&#46&#75&#46 (a 22-year-old &#109&#97&#108&#101&#41 &#97&#116&#101 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#111&#110&#101&#13&#10&#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 mushroom, which &#104&#97&#100 &#110&#111 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#97&#116 all.<br> K &#46&#89&#46 &#40&#97 &#51&#49&#45&#121&#101&#97&#114&#45&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#101&#41 ate five mushrooms.<br> Regurgitation occurred &#51&#48 &#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115&#13&#10&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 by sweating around the head &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#111&#100&#121&#59 &#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#105&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 to &#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#108&#121 &#112&#97&#114&#97&#108&#121&#122&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 persisted &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#114&#101&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was &#100&#101&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#104&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 such as colorful lights flooding down from the sky. By &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#111&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#111&#102 these effects &#104&#97&#100 &#100&#105&#115&#115&#105&#112&#97&#116&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 fruiting bodies &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#105&#116&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#97 &#116&#97&#115&#116&#101 that disappeared after the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#100 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 in &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#114&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#109&#97&#116&#101&#117&#114&#105&#115&#104&#44 and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#101&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#97 single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114 &#116&#111 those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents.<br> Much work still remains to be done &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#104&#121&#116&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#115&#116&#114&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#121 before the body &#111&#102 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 mushroom species in Japan can &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 geographic distribution and ingredients &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#116 also be studied further. For instance, Panaeolus subbalteatus is one of the <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shrooms+drawing+of+death+trees.php" title="Of Trees Shrooms Of Of" alt="Of Trees Shrooms Of Of" >Of Trees Shrooms Of Of</a> species that are growing &#111&#110 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 &#105&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 7.6 INTOXICATIONS &#65&#78&#68 &#84&#72&#69 &#79&#76&#68&#69&#83&#84 &#75&#78&#79&#87&#78&#13&#10&#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77 &#67&#85&#76&#84 IN AFRICA So &#102&#97&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97 &#111&#102 the &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 only &#112&#101&#114&#105&#112&#104&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#108&#121 &#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110&#46 During the late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini &#97&#110&#100 &#84&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#77&#99&#75&#101&#110&#110&#97&#44 &#119&#111&#114&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121&#44 found evidence for the &#111&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#99&#117&#108&#116 in Africa. Their &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#111&#116 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#115&#101&#110&#115&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#44 but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100&#110&#39&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#115 &#97 surprise that the &#111&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 with mushrooms <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/dungshroomsgrowing.php" title="Dungshroomsgrowing" alt="Dungshroomsgrowing" >Dungshroomsgrowing</a> were found on &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 as the cradle &#111&#102&#13&#10&#104&#117&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46&#13&#10&#49&#48&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#89&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#79&#108&#100&#13&#10&#70&#114&#111&#109 &#57&#44&#48&#48&#48 to </p> . For that reason, freeze-dried samples for biochemical analysis are stored at -10°C prior to alkaloid extractions or chromatography testing. In addition to the reports from Finland, investigators in North America have noted that psilocybin's decay rate is slowest in Psilocybe semilanceata, compared to other species. (1) R = H2P03 (2) R = H Figure 19 - Structural formulas for psilocybin (1) and psilocin (2). CH3 CH3 Psilocybe semilanceata Figure 20 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata in Germany and adjacent areas. Locations are indicated by black dots. CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS - POTENT MUSHROOMS GROWING ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other Psilocybe species in addition to Psilocybe semilanceata is known to exist in Europe. At this point, I must emphasize that the differentiation of single species within the Psilocybe genus is subject to considerable controversy among eminent taxonomists. For example, there are different methods of distinguishing the Hypholoma genus from the Stropharia genus. The Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens While Psilocybe semilanceata is a species that has long been clearly defined and is well known by this name, there are, according to Krieglsteiner, other strongly bluing mushrooms that can be described as belonging to the "Psilocybe cyanescens complex". These are all mushrooms that grow on raw compost and plant debris. In accordance with current states of knowledge, the following names in the literature are merely synonyms for Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield emend. Krieglsteiner: different herbariums. However, the microscopic data pertaining to the Psilocybe species are poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies of Psilocybe cyanescens be performed. To this end, fresh mushroom samples from various European locations should be used, and biochemical methods must be included in the investigation. Guzman's division of Psilocybe cyanescens by geographic area, however, definitely turned out to be inaccurate. According to his system, -North Africa was home to Psilocybe mairei, while Psilocybe cyanescens were found in England and Holland and Psilocybe serbica supposedly grew in Serbia and Bohemia. The geographic distribution of the entire species seems to cover a vast area, with variations along climate and terrain at locations where samples were collected. Such disparate morphologies are to be expected when dealing with "young" species, that is, species that have not yet firmly established themselves and are still expanding into new locations. Figure 7 (p. 14) displays locations in Europe and North Africa where samples of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma cyanescens R. Maire - Hypholoma coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens (R. Maire) Kuhner & Romagnesi - Psilocybe serbica Moser & Horak - Psilocybe mairei Singer - Psilocyb n the U.S.) contribute to the therapeutic process; they may even be the sole source for future progress. Under these conditions, stereo music also significantly deepened the intensity of the experience. It appears that these kinds of specific experiences may also account for the remarkable success of treating terminal patients with LSD to ease their fears in the face of death and to reduce even the most severe forms of pain. In many such cases, symptoms disappeared entirely, and relief from pain and anxiety that continued even after the drug's acute effects had worn off. A book by S. Grof provides a compassionate analysis of such successful treatments, which serves to underscore the fact that systematic efforts to investigate these particular therapeutic benefits have only just begun. So far, LSD has been the most widely studied substance in terms of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients, as well as dipropyltryptamine (DPT), a synthetic drug structurally similar to psilocybin that is active only when administered by injection. Below, a young woman from Switzerland gives a detailed account of her second mushroom experience. Her first experiment, with Psilocybe cubensis, had already introduced her to the realm of mystical experiences. For her second journey, she used 20 Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms as part of a group ritual and achieved transcendence. A remarkable feature of her account is that the presence of an experienced guide was needed to realize the full potential of this visionary quest. "1 sat down next to another participant, seeking to connect with others in preparation for my journey. We proceeded to eat the fresh mushrooms. The room grew quiet and lovely music began to play. The mushrooms's effects came on much faster than they did during my first experiment. Twice I tried to establish closer contact with my fellow participant, but he was very nervous, and no source of reassurance for me. I was seeking my spiritual companion, but did not find that person among the present group. I became a figure in a long, white robe, wandering aimlessly among the columns (Greece?), still searching. My gaze lingered briefly on the wall next to the door and I saw faces and figures appear and vanish, but they did not hold my interest. It was hopeless. I continued my aimless roaming, and I was on the material plane, which I wanted to leave - had to leave. Suddenly, I found myself with one of the guides, who wanted to help me. I stared off into the distance, longing to be free of the material plane, but unable to do so. For a long time, I failed to connect with the guide; our two worlds were just too different. Suddenly I sensed that he wasn't able to look at me directly. The path by which to reach me runs through my eyes, because only they are truly alive. I asked him to help me on my way and invited him to look into my eyes. I felt as if all life energy was draining from my bo by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. &#52&#46&#52&#108&#98&#115&#41 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#117&#114&#101 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#102&#111&#114 scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon &#114&#101&#118&#101&#97&#108&#101&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#115 &#97&#110 alkaloid that was perfectly safe for &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108&#108&#101&#100&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 conditions.<br> &#68&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#116&#105&#45&#100&#114&#117&#103 legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an &#34&#111&#102&#102&#105&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#34&#44 &#97&#13&#10&#109&#105&#115&#103&#117&#105&#100&#101&#100&#44 &#121&#101&#116 entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#105&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#102&#111&#114 psilocybin and other alkaloids. &#65&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110 be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in &#118&#97&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#44 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108&#115 tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can &#98&#101&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#98&#97&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#104&#111&#111&#100 events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#97&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#110 <u>USE OF MUSHROOM</u> life. I recall an &#105&#110&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#109&#121 &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#104&#111&#111&#100&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 occurred when I &#119&#97&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#102&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#111&#108&#100&#46 I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible <u>USE OF MUSHROOM</u> and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, &#73 &#100&#105&#100&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, &#97 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#13&#10&#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#104&#111&#111&#100 &#101&#118&#101&#110&#116 &#104&#97&#115 left me with the &#118&#105&#118&#105&#100 &#109&#101&#109&#111&#114&#121&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97 landfill <H3>USE OF MUSHROOM</H3> virtually covered &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#118&#97&#115&#116 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#111&#110&#103 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#100 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 in life, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#110&#13&#10&#109&#97&#121 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#105&#110&#116&#111 various &#97&#116&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#65&#110 enduring personal interest <b>USE OF MUSHROOM</b> &#105&#110&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#97&#110 &#115&#101&#114&#118&#101 to amplify &#111&#114 &#100&#105&#109&#105&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#99 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 as mycophilic dispositions, &#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 factors.<br> &#65&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#97&#108&#108&#44 &#106&#117&#100&#103&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 colored &#98&#121&#13&#10&#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#44 &#98&#105&#97&#115&#101&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Psilocybesemilanceataexperience.php" title="Psilocybesemilanceataexperience" alt="Psilocybesemilanceataexperience" >Psilocybesemilanceataexperience</a> &#97&#110&#100 opinions. The following chapters &#97&#114&#101 &#109&#101&#97&#110&#116 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#105&#108&#108&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 diversity of attitudes &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46 &#68&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#110&#101&#100&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#112&#101&#110 to many possible interpretations.<br> CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN &#83&#80&#69&#67&#73&#69&#83&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#55 &#45 &#68&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New Zealand. Four of these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms. They include Psilocybe cubensis and/or Psilocybe subcubensis (known locally as "gold caps" and/or "gold tops"), Psilocybe subaeruginosa, and Copelandia cyanescens (the latter is known locally as "blue meanies"). These four species contain the mind altering alkaloids psilocybine and psilocine and are the most common hallucinogenic mushrooms in Australia. In New Zealand, the most commonly used species are Copelandia cyanescens and Psilocybe semilanceata, the latter species is recognized throughout the world as the "liberty cap"). This species only occurs in manured soil and does not grow directly from the dung of cattle, sheep or other four legged farm animals. Psilocybe cubensis the most popular of these species, is well known throughout much of the world; however, this species is not known to occur in New Zealand. Other species described in this guide are known to occur in manured soil, in pastures, meadows, grazing lands, some lawns and in the bark mulch and woodchips of deciduous woods. Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & . For that reason, freeze-dried samples for biochemical analysis are stored at -10°C prior to alkaloid extractions or chromatography testing. In addition to the &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#111&#114&#115 in North America have noted &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#39&#115 &#100&#101&#99&#97&#121 &#114&#97&#116&#101 is slowest in Psilocybe semilanceata, compared to other species. (1) R = H2P03 (2) R = H Figure 19 - Structural formulas for psilocybin (1) and &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110 &#40&#50&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#51&#13&#10&#67&#72&#51&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#48 &#45 Distribution pattern &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#110 Germany and &#97&#100&#106&#97&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46&#13&#10&#76&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 by black &#100&#111&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#51&#46&#50&#13&#10&#80&#83&#73&#76&#79&#67&#89&#66&#69 &#67&#89&#65&#78&#69&#83&#67&#69&#78&#83 &#45 POTENT MUSHROOMS GROWING ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other Psilocybe species &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 is known &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#105&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#46 &#65&#116 this point, I must emphasize that the differentiation of single species within the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#105&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 to considerable controversy among eminent taxonomists.<br> &#70&#111&#114&#13&#10&#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 methods of distinguishing &#116&#104&#101 &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Stropharia genus. The Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens While &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#115 &#97 species that has long been clearly &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 by this name, there are, &#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#75&#114&#105&#101&#103&#108&#115&#116&#101&#105&#110&#101&#114&#44 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#114&#111&#110&#103&#108&#121 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms that can &#98&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#97&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 to the "Psilocybe cyanescens complex". These are all mushrooms that grow on raw compost and plant debris. In &#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 of knowledge, the following names in the literature are merely synonyms &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#13&#10&#87&#97&#107&#101&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#101&#109&#101&#110&#100&#46 Krieglsteiner: different herbariums.<br> However, &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#13&#10&#100&#97&#116&#97 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 the Psilocybe species are poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101&#102&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#101&#114&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 studies of Psilocybe &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#98&#101 &#112&#101&#114&#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#111 this end, fresh &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 European locations should be used, and biochemical methods must be included in the &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cyanescens by geographic area, &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#105&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#101&#100 &#111&#117&#116 to be inaccurate. &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#104&#105&#115 &#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#44 &#45&#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 home to Psilocybe mairei, while Psilocybe cyanescens were found &#105&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#72&#111&#108&#108&#97&#110&#100 and Psilocybe serbica supposedly grew in Serbia and Bohemia. The geographic distribution &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#110&#116&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#101&#109&#115 to cover &#97 &#118&#97&#115&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 climate and &#116&#101&#114&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#97&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 samples were collected. Such disparate morphologies are to be expected when dealing &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#34&#121&#111&#117&#110&#103&#34 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 species &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#110&#111&#116 &#121&#101&#116 firmly established themselves &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#101&#120&#112&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 into new locations. Figure &#55 &#40&#112&#46 &#49&#52&#41 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#108&#97&#121&#115 locations <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magic+mushrooms+spores+from+mexico.php" title="FROM MUSHROOMS MEXICO MAGIC MUSHROOMS" alt="FROM MUSHROOMS MEXICO MAGIC MUSHROOMS" >FROM MUSHROOMS MEXICO MAGIC MUSHROOMS</a> in Europe and &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma cyanescens R. Maire - Hypholoma coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - &#71&#101&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#40&#82&#46 &#77&#97&#105&#114&#101&#41 Kuhner &#38&#13&#10&#82&#111&#109&#97&#103&#110&#101&#115&#105&#13&#10&#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#114&#98&#105&#99&#97 &#77&#111&#115&#101&#114 & Horak - &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#114&#101&#105 &#83&#105&#110&#103&#101&#114&#13&#10&#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98 </p> <h1 id="cross-browser">growing magic mushrooms outside @ 3/13/2010 1:20:47 AM</h1> <p></p> <h1 id="stylesheets">"oregon blue" mushroom</h1> <p><div align="center"> Most recreational users of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#40&#119&#104&#101&#110 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 in vitro) &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101 &#97 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 &#97&#110 &#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 of &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#59 &#97 &#99&#108&#105&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 for Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 hand, had &#112&#114&#101&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115&#108&#121 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#97&#115 ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Psilocybe+pelliculosa.php" title="Psilocybe Pelliculosa" alt="Psilocybe Pelliculosa" >Psilocybe Pelliculosa</a> material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101&#100 &#102&#111&#114 &#114&#101&#108&#105&#103&#105&#111&#117&#115 purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing &#99&#101&#114&#101&#109&#111&#110&#121&#46 &#73&#110 &#49&#57&#56&#50&#44 &#111&#110&#101 research team "found &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#111&#102 psilocybin and psilocin varies over <H2>Hawaiian Champignon Copelandia</H2> a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#49 &#116&#111 &#50 large mushrooms weighing &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#97&#115 &#109&#117&#99&#104 as one &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#117&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#111&#114 &#97&#115 many as from 25 to 50 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#101&#113&#117&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm &#116&#111 &#53&#46&#57 &#103&#109 &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 weight (10 gm &#116&#111 &#52&#48 &#103&#109 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104&#41&#34&#44 of various species of Psilocybe.<br> Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#46 &#66&#111&#116&#104 of these latter two species <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/Psilocybe+pelliculosa.php" title="Psilocybe Pelliculosa" alt="Psilocybe Pelliculosa" >Psilocybe Pelliculosa</a> are macroscopically alike. &#84&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114 Copelandia &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101 psychedelic visual effects ranges &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#49 &#116&#111 &#51 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or &#97&#115 &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#115 &#53 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap &#100&#105&#97&#109&#101&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#46 &#50&#46&#53 &#109&#109&#41&#59 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 personal tolerance to this species may &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101&#100 &#117&#115&#101&#44 and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. </div> and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. At about the same time, Saxo Grammaticus speculated that the Berserkers may have used mag Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have very little knowledge of their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who collect and ingest them. Some of these popular names are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 ( see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia as "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given to this species by members of a local, drugusing group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997). As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden tops" or "gold caps". The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are common terms applied to Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used by visiting surfers from both New Zealand and Australia, to describe the macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the locally based surfers in Australia and NZ. <p align="center"> Most users &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 mushrooms have &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 their scientific names. Instead, they &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#103&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#102&#97&#118&#111&#114&#105&#116&#101 species local epithets &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#117&#115&#101&#100 by those who collect and ingest them. Some of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common &#116&#101&#114&#109 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97&#110&#121 mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#110&#116&#101&#100 &#98&#121 a Life Magazine &#101&#100&#105&#116&#111&#114 &#105&#110 &#108&#57&#53&#55 &#40 see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia &#97&#115 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100&#101&#110 &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34&#44 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 seattle cyanescens tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 <H1>Uses Of Mushrooms</H1> &#98&#121 members &#111&#102 &#97 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#44 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of &#69&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#59 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101 of these &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#112&#112&#97&#114&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#98&#101&#101&#110 used to describe several different species of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#121 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 Australia (see Allen, 1997).<br> &#65&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those &#119&#104&#111 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 known in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#115 "blue meanies", &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 species &#97&#115 &#34&#66&#108&#117&#101 &#76&#101&#103&#115&#34&#44 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100&#101&#110 tops" or "gold caps". The latter two &#110&#105&#99&#107&#110&#97&#109&#101&#115&#44 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 "dimple tops" and "cone &#104&#101&#97&#100&#115&#34&#44 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#116&#101&#114&#109&#115 applied to &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 Hawaiian &#73&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 these &#115&#97&#109&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psychotropicmushroom.php" title="Psychotropicmushroom" alt="Psychotropicmushroom" >Psychotropicmushroom</a> &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 also been used by &#118&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 and Australia, to &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#99&#104&#97&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99&#115 of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#112&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#105&#110&#103&#44 as do &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 based surfers in Australia and &#78&#90&#46 </p> <p <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/wheretopickshrooms.php" title="Wheretopickshrooms" alt="Wheretopickshrooms" >Wheretopickshrooms</a> align="justify"> Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta &#71&#117&#122&#109&#225&#110 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shitake+mushroom/buy+magic+mushroom.php" title="Shitake Mushroom Buy Magic Mushroom" alt="Shitake Mushroom Buy Magic Mushroom" >Shitake Mushroom Buy Magic Mushroom</a> &#38 </p> In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary effects by reading the published literature or the many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would be able to find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms. Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of </p> <p><div align="justify"> &#84&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 dosage is often confused <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/semilanceata+spores.php" title="Semilanceata Spores" alt="Semilanceata Spores" >Semilanceata Spores</a> by &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 source &#111&#102 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magicmushroomidentificationencyclopedia.php" title="Magicmushroomidentificationencyclopedia" alt="Magicmushroomidentificationencyclopedia" >Magicmushroomidentificationencyclopedia</a> &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 species &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101&#100&#46 </div> There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New Zealand. Four of these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms. They include Psilocybe cubensis and/or Psilocybe subcubensis (known locally as "gold caps" and/or "gold tops"), Psilocybe subaeruginosa, and Copelandia cyanescens (the latter is known locally as "blue meanies"). These four species contain the mind altering alkaloids psilocybine and psilocine and are the most common hallucinogenic mushrooms in Australia. In New Zealand, the most commonly used species are Copelandia cyanescens and Psilocybe semilanceata, the latter species is recognized throughout the world as the "liberty cap"). This species only occurs in manured soil and does not grow directly from the dung of cattle, sheep or other four legged farm animals. Psilocybe cubensis the most popular of these species, is well known throughout much of the world; however, this species is not known to occur in New Zealand. Other species described in this guide are known to occur in manured soil, in pastures, meadows, grazing lands, some lawns and in the bark mulch and woodchips of deciduous woods. ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin was followed by a very vivid sensation of the soul in flight, coupled with feelings of euphoria.When looking out the window into the dark night of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations occurred, which were deeply impressive and seemed to impart an inkling of eternity. At the end of four hours, the effects had dissipated without dysphoria or any type of somatic side effect. A control experiment for comparison purposes was performed using 0.8 g of dried Psilocybe semilanceata. The onset of symptoms was much more sudden, including a heavy flow of tears, so that there was an initial phase of anxiety. Only in a later phase of the experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in the form of "underwater streamers", and to appreciate the aesthetically enhanced nature of these visions. The regular pattern of. involuntary intoxications is a good indicator for the large scope of expansion of Inocybe aeruginascens into new habitats during the 1980s. For example, at the time of the initial intoxications - when the species was still restricted to a few easily quantifiable collections - the mushrooms had spread from Potsdam to the location known in 1982, and from there moved on to several other locations in the vicinity, where more than 150 mushrooms were found (see Figure 34). Symbiosis With Trees Starting in late May 1984, fruiting bodies of the species could be found in abundance at countless new locations across the Brandenburg region of Germany. They tend to grow near the roots of different deciduous trees (Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Betula), on lawns in parks and gardens, at the edges of trails and in the paved margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where they may even grow on bare, sandy soil) as well as amongst the greenery of residential areas in the suburbs and communities in and around Berlin. Herein lies the most marked difference between Inocybe aeruginascens and other European psychotropic mushroom species: Inocybe aeruginascens grows only in areas of human development. Their prime locations are in the middle of villages and towns, where they grow locally much like other Inocybe species. They may temporarily produce mass quantities of fruiting bodies, in those locations that are typical habitats for the edible varieties of the fairy ring mushroom. So far, the most abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed in 1987, due to very wet weather conditions, which allowed the mushrooms to thrive. The following years were comparatively dry and the species hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 that a few mushrooms re-emerged at the classic location in Potsdam. Despite 1989 having been a bad year for mushrooms, it was the year when Inocybe aeruginascens was found for the first time at four locations in and around Rostock, a city located on the Eastern German coast, which is famous for its wet climate. Finding the mushrooms at these locations is evidence for a mu by A. Hofmann, &#83&#97&#110&#100&#111&#122 &#80&#104&#97&#114&#109&#97&#99&#101&#117&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115&#13&#10&#109&#97&#110&#117&#102&#97&#99&#116&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#50 &#107&#103 (ca. 4.<br>4lbs) of pure psilocybin &#102&#111&#114 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 results of pharmacological &#116&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#115&#111&#111&#110 &#114&#101&#118&#101&#97&#108&#101&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#115 an alkaloid that &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#101&#114&#102&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#115&#97&#102&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 subjects under controlled experimental &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#68&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 the anti-drug legislative &#102&#114&#97&#109&#101&#119&#111&#114&#107 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#100&#49&#57&#54&#48&#115&#13&#10&#102&#105&#114&#109&#108&#121 established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched &#112&#111&#108&#105&#99&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#97&#105&#108&#115&#13&#10&#116&#111&#100&#97&#121 and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids.<br> At the same time, mycological and biochemical research &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 found on all continents. &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 any &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#115 across cultures, individuals tend to develop &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#111&#119&#110 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific &#111&#112&#105&#110&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#99&#97&#110 be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was &#112&#108&#97&#121&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#97 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121 meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#73 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#110&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#103&#111&#116&#116&#101&#110 this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#97 different childhood event has left &#109&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#118&#105&#100 &#109&#101&#109&#111&#114&#121&#13&#10&#111&#102 discovering a landfill virtually <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/how+to+grow+shrooms+in+horse+dung/mushroom+contact+tables.php" title="To Dung How To Contact Grow To Horse How In" alt="To Dung How To Contact Grow To Horse How In" >To Dung How To Contact Grow To Horse How In</a> &#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#118&#97&#115&#116 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms and the sense of &#97&#119&#101 &#73 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics &#111&#102&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which &#116&#104&#101&#110&#13&#10&#109&#97&#121 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 attitudes or beliefs &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#65&#110 &#101&#110&#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116 in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify &#111&#114 &#100&#105&#109&#105&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#99 &#97&#115 well &#97&#115&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#99 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#101&#102&#105&#116 &#111&#114 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#121 &#111&#102 deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and &#111&#112&#105&#110&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#114&#101 meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are open to many possible &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#112&#114&#101&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#51&#13&#10&#84&#72&#69 &#67&#85&#82&#82&#69&#78&#84 &#83&#84&#65&#84&#69 OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure &#55 &#45 &#68&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 of Psilocybe cyanescens across &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#40&#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Krieglsteiner). &#66&#108&#97&#99&#107 &#100&#111&#116&#115 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101 locatio INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native peoples in Mesoamerica for more than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, non-traditional use of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World Wide Web and Internet, and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy Sanford, health guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the history of both the accidental and purposeful use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New Zealand. Information in this guide has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia by the author and from reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ) professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). <p align="left"> as well. Below are some excerpts from &#104&#105&#115 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#112&#114&#111&#116&#111&#99&#111&#108&#115&#58&#13&#10&#74&#46&#72&#46 &#40&#97 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at &#110&#105&#103&#104&#116&#44 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108 (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms 30 minutes later. This was followed by regurgitation, and &#52&#53&#13&#10&#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#104&#101 &#115&#116&#97&#114&#116&#101&#100 to sweat &#112&#114&#111&#102&#117&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#97&#108&#108 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#101&#97&#100 and body. His &#112&#117&#108&#115&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/shrooms+and+drug+test.php" title="Shrooms And Drug Test" alt="Shrooms And Drug Test" >Shrooms And Drug Test</a> &#114&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 accelerated, but slowed down later on. He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#104&#105&#109 &#116&#111 panic and to run a &#100&#105&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#49&#44&#50&#48&#48 ft. to consult the nearest doctor. The &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100&#13&#10&#112&#117&#112&#105&#108&#115&#44 and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#110&#111&#114&#109&#97&#108 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 had largely subsided; by &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#101&#120&#116 &#109&#111&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 was no evidence &#111&#102 &#97&#110&#121 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#105&#100&#101 effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) &#97&#116&#101 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#111&#110&#101&#13&#10&#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#44 which &#104&#97&#100 &#110&#111 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#97&#116 all. K .Y. &#40&#97 &#51&#49&#45&#121&#101&#97&#114&#45&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#97&#108&#101&#41 &#97&#116&#101 five mushrooms.<br> Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, followed by sweating &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#104&#101&#97&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#111&#100&#121&#59 &#104&#105&#115 extremities appeared &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#108&#121 &#112&#97&#114&#97&#108&#121&#122&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 paralysis persisted for another three hours. During &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#13&#10&#104&#97&#100 great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#102&#117&#108 &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 flooding down &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#107&#121&#46 &#66&#121 the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#111&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 effects had dissipated. The fresh &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#105&#116&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#97 taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents.<br> Much work still &#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#100&#111&#110&#101 in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 psychotropic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#74&#97&#112&#97&#110 &#99&#97&#110 grow to become adequate.<br> The geographic distribution &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 Panaeolus species must &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#98&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100&#13&#10&#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#46 &#70&#111&#114 instance, Panaeolus &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#111&#110&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 species that are growing &#111&#110 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#74&#97&#112&#97&#110&#101&#115&#101 &#105&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT &#73&#78 &#65&#70&#82&#73&#67&#65&#13&#10&#83&#111 &#102&#97&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 mycoflora &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 studied only &#112&#101&#114&#105&#112&#104&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#108&#121 &#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110&#46 During the late &#49&#57&#56&#48&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#71&#46 &#83&#97&#109&#111&#114&#105&#110&#105 and &#84&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#77&#99&#75&#101&#110&#110&#97&#44 &#119&#111&#114&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121&#44 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other &#104&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#105&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100&#110&#39&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#101 as a surprise that the oldest traces of &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity.<br> 10,000 Years Old From 9,000 to </p> </p> <p>own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality <p align="justify"> CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already there &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 of cattle &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 livestock to arrive in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Cape of Good &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 2 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 along with other &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 the government &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 <H1>compare shrooms varieties colorful vs euphoric</H1> &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape, Calcutta, &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 of America. &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 period &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 mushrooms mentioned &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 thecase of &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 introduced species".<br> It is believed &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 SouthAfrican &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 <H3>how to grow magic mushrooms</H3> &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 have actually &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 substrate &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 of P. &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 drugtends &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 that some] farmers in &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#91&#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#93 added one or two basidiomes gilled &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 liven it &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111&#93 Margot & Watling, &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 question, "how did these mushrooms &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 Well some species may be endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 subcontinent.The first livestock to &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 brought from the &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 in1788, and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast of America. It &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 (Unsigned, 1973). According to &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 Cleland(1934), "fungi growing &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 &#111&#114 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 and confined to such habitats, must &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 belong &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 is &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 the SouthAfrican dung beetle &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 spread the spores. &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 that fungi &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 and &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 kangaroo droppings etc." Some &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that some] farmers in early times &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#93 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#97&#110&#100 still do] Margot &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 may &#97&#115&#107 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/rhizomorphs+P+Cubesis.php" title="RHIZOMORPHS Chat RHIZOMORPHS Chat P" alt="RHIZOMORPHS Chat RHIZOMORPHS Chat P" >RHIZOMORPHS Chat RHIZOMORPHS Chat P</a> &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 did &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 already there &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as the above described &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 after &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 on the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 from the &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 in1788, &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 and 5 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 during this period &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 mushrooms mentioned in this field &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973).<br> According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow &#111&#114 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 beetle which may have actually &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 the Royal &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 Scotland, "it must &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 change substrate preferences and &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 the belief that &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 times may have added &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 gilled mushrooms to &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 up and &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already there naturally. Other species such as the above &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 likelyappeared after the &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 subcontinent.The first &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 were brought from &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 Hope in1788, and included 2 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 along with other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the <H2>compare shrooms varieties colorful vs euphoric</H2> &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 It was &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/psilocybehorsedungshrooms.php" title="Psilocybehorsedungshrooms" alt="Psilocybehorsedungshrooms" >Psilocybehorsedungshrooms</a> &#111&#102 the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 species". It is believed to have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 beetle which may have actually spread the spores. According &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 of the &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 Glasgow, &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 that fungi can change substrate &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 <H1>compare shrooms varieties colorful vs euphoric</H1> in Australia and NZ claim &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that some farmers in early times may have added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms to &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#97&#110&#100 still do Margot & Watling, 1981)." </p> <p align="left"> More than half of <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/mushroom+festival/drug.php" title="Festival Mushroom Festival" alt="Festival Mushroom Festival" >Festival Mushroom Festival</a> Australia's &#98&#101&#101&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/picturesofmagicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips.php" title="Picturesofmagicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips" alt="Picturesofmagicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips" >Picturesofmagicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips</a> found in the &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102 &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100 </p> <p align="right"> Those &#119&#104&#111 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/magicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips.php" title="Magicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips" alt="Magicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips" >Magicmushroomsgrowinginwoodchips</a> known in </p> ed and large numbers of studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought to discover the receptor binding sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis of psychedelic visions. Today, we still lack a sound theoretical framework able to explain the relationship between chemical compounds and the manifestation of their psychoactivity. Even though basic research is certainly important, its methods, unfortunately, are often a function of a rather one-sided pharmacological approach to investigating the effects of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow to address the remarkably unusual nature of these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and psychologists on the other can often be traced all the way back to the 1950's, creating a legacy of disputes and arguments that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental LSD protocols in an effort to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are reported or occur all of the time. His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific triggers causing a sequence of altered states of consciousness, which do not fit the syndrome labeled "toxic psychosis". Rather, it is the individual's personality, along with the experimental setting that significantly shape the nature of the psychedelic experience. This view is shared by a majority of experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, can often be controlled through psychological intervention techniques administered by trained professionals. A Plethora of Names The broad range of possible experiences inspired the use of labels other than "hallucinogens", with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, psychomimetics, psychodysleptica, psychoemetics and others. "Phantastica" (Lewin) is the oldest label ever used to describe this class of substances. This term successfully evokes dream-like, fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric emotional overtones. More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases of those who use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the 1960's has disparaged "psychedelics" as excessively glamorous and too positive a label, as the term was popular among Timothy Leary's fans and supporters. When used in low doses or for the first time, these substances are most likely to bring about a kind of magical transformation of surroundings, with a heightened ability to perceive subtle differences along the color spectru e creek on wood &#99&#104&#105&#112&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#67&#97&#114&#112&#105&#110&#117&#115&#44 &#65&#108&#110&#117&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#97&#108&#105&#120&#44 on raw &#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#116&#13&#10&#109&#105&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#80&#105&#99&#101&#97&#44 &#80&#105&#110&#117&#115 and Larix needles, as Sept.<br> Oct. Nov. Dec. &#74&#97&#110&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#49 &#45 &#70&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 curve of Psilocybe cyanescens based &#111&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#101&#114&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#116 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 in the former Czechoslovakia. The mycelia make use of &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#107&#105&#110&#100&#115&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116 &#100&#101&#98&#114&#105&#115 and even &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#111&#110 &#119&#101&#116 &#99&#97&#114&#100&#98&#111&#97&#114&#100&#44&#13&#10&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 they develop into rhizomorphs just <b>TrueZoom=Off_Iceurlflag=7?_Iceurl=True</b> &#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#105&#110 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46 Rhizomorphs are thick strands of &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#101&#114&#118&#101 &#116&#111 transport nutrients and water. They also develop &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#13&#10&#98&#108&#117&#101 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#100&#106&#97&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#13&#10&#40&#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 Krieglsteiner). Locations are indicated by black dots. Figure 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110&#13&#10&#119&#101&#116 &#99&#97&#114&#100&#98&#111&#97&#114&#100&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#52 - Psilocybe cyanescens at &#97 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#40&#85&#83&#65&#41&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 25 - &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97 &#111&#110 &#116&#119&#105&#103&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#101&#97&#118&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 Experiences Psilocybe bohemica &#105&#115 &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 Its effects are vividly documented in the following account of &#111&#110&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#39&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#97&#115 part &#111&#102 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#99&#108&#105&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#116&#114&#105&#97&#108&#115 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/legal.php" title="Legal" alt="Legal" >Legal</a> in Prague: About 30 mg &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#105&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#105&#115&#115&#117&#101 &#119&#97&#115 prepared in hot water, with effects already noticeable ten minutes after ingestion. &#73&#13&#10&#103&#114&#101&#119 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121 &#113&#117&#105&#101&#116&#46 &#65&#116 first, my legs &#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#105&#110&#103&#108&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#121 underarms as well. Aside from a deeper breathing rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#102&#105&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#117&#103&#104&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101&#100 by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#97&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#119&#111 "sober" guides.<br> &#65&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#104&#121&#112&#101&#114&#97&#99&#117&#105&#116&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#102&#101&#114&#101&#100 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/legal.php" title="Legal" alt="Legal" >Legal</a> &#119&#105&#116&#104 the ability to listen &#116&#111 &#109&#117&#115&#105&#99&#44 &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#97&#116 Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs &#105&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#114&#97&#105&#110&#46 &#73 compared the pain to that caused by a "sawing knife". The experimenters &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#108&#111&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#46&#46&#46&#13&#10&#69&#120&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 bodily characteristics, such as &#116&#104&#105&#110&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#104&#97&#105&#114 &#115&#116&#105&#109&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#97 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#39&#115 illusionary transformation into a monk with &#116&#111&#110&#115&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#118&#111&#105&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid point of view, these gentlemen at &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#101&#109&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 working a &#115&#119&#105&#116&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116&#44 &#102&#111&#114 &#115&#111&#109&#101 reasons, &#119&#97&#115 &#109&#121 &#101&#110&#101&#109&#121&#46 &#65&#116 &#116&#104&#101 same time, I found both of them &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#97&#98&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 time period, the other female subject perceived &#102&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#105&#109&#97&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#111&#118&#105&#110&#103 colors and saw <H1>TrueZoom=Off_Iceurlflag=7?_Iceurl=True</H1> visions of &#104&#101&#114 &#119&#104&#111&#108&#101 &#108&#105&#102&#101 &#117&#110&#102&#111&#108&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#104&#105&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#100 eyes. During this period, I had the distinct impression that an electrical current was flowing through my body, which was not an uncomfortable sensation. About three hours later, the gentlemen retired to &#116&#104&#101 &#107&#105&#116&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 nature of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101&#100 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#100&#114&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46&#13&#10&#65&#116 first I <H3>TrueZoom=Off_Iceurlflag=7?_Iceurl=True</H3> &#102&#101&#108&#116 &#97&#115 &#105&#102 &#109&#121 legs &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#13&#10&#109&#101&#114&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 wall, a very comfortable experience. In a state of &#117&#116&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#108&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#73 finally felt <H1>Mushrooms Found In England</H1> as if I had no body at all. I &#115&#97&#105&#100&#46 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#118&#101 expression &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97 pure &#115&#111&#117&#108&#34&#46 &#85&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#111&#114&#100&#115 &#97&#115 triggers, we were able to induce shared experiences o In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary effects by reading the published literature or the many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would be able to find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms. </p> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="left"> <a href="/Forum.html" class="doNotPrint">About</a><br /> <a href="/Archives.html" class="doNotPrint">Gallery</a> </div> <br class="doNotDisplay doNotPrint" /> <div class="right"> copyright © 2006 <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/COCAINE+MYSPACE+CONTACT+TABLES/Poisonous.php" title="Cocaine Myspace Contact Tables Poisonous" alt="Cocaine Myspace Contact Tables Poisonous" >Cocaine Myspace Contact Tables Poisonous</a><br /> design by <a href="http://mushroomstore.biz/freshpsilocybes.php" title="Freshpsilocybes" alt="Freshpsilocybes" >Freshpsilocybes</a> </div></div> </body>